Computer monitoring and optimization of the steam boiler performance

The paper presents a method for determination of thermo-flow parameters for steam boilers. This method allows to perform the calculations of the boiler furnace chamber and heat flow rates absorbed by superheater stages. These parameters are important for monitoring the performance of the power unit. Knowledge of these parameters allows determining the degree of the furnace chamber slagging. The calculation can be performed in online mode and use to monitoring of steam boiler. The presented method allows to the operation of steam boiler with high efficiency.


Introduction
The fouling processes caused by slagging and ash deposits are strongly affected by the kind of coal [1][2][3][4][5][6].They become more intense if coal is co-fired with biomass.In the case of the furnace chamber, the fouling processes are different on its individual walls.Depending on the furnace chamber aerodynamics, local slag overhangs may be formed in the burner area or at other locations on the chamber walls.In places where temperature is high, such as the platen superheater area, the superheater surface slagging may also be caused by melted drops of ash forming deposits on the surface of tubes [7].If biomass is co-fired, due to the low melting point of ash, intense processes of ash deposit formation and slagging may occur on the superheater stages located in zones with a lower flue gas temperature.
Ash fouling processes also affect the lifetime of the boiler superheaters [8][9].It should be noted that about 40% of the boiler failures are caused by damage to boiler superheaters.For this reason, there is a need to develop an effective and efficient method of determination of thermo-flow parameters for steam boilers.The presented in this paper method allows to the operation of steam boiler with high efficiency.

Calculations of the boiler furnace chamber
The degree of fouling of the boiler furnace chamber walls may be assessed by an online mode determination of the flue gas temperature at the furnace chamber outlet Tfe, the heat flux absorbed by the furnace chamber walls r Q  and the heat effectiveness ψ of the furnace chamber walls.The outlet of the combustion chamber is located directly beneath of the platen superheater at a height of 29 m (Fig. 1a).Adopted position of the outlet section of the furnace is consistent with the industrial definition, which says that the outlet from the furnace is where the spacing of the platens is less than 2.0 m.The spacing of the platens is 0.7 m in the boiler analyzed in the paper.The heat effectiveness ψ of the furnace chamber is defined as an average ratio of the heat flux absorbed by the water-wall to the heat flux falling on the water-wall of the combustion chamber.Based on experimental data obtained from the testing of large power boilers, a new formula containing parameter M, which characterizes the location where the maximum flame temperature occurs in the boiler, was proposed [11]: Parameter M in Eq. ( 1) is a function of the kind of fuel (oil, gas or coal) and of the relative height at which burners are placed [10][11][12].After temperature Tfe is calculated from (1), the average heat flux r Q  absorbed by the furnace chamber walls may be determined.The degree of slagging of the furnace chamber walls may be assessed determining the waterwall heat efficiency coefficient .The  coefficient gets smaller in proportion to slagging of the furnace chamber walls.If the furnace chamber walls are covered with a layer of slag, the temperature of the slag surface is high and the density of the heat flux q  absorbed by the wall (i.e. the wall thermal load) is much smaller than in the case of a clean wall.Slagging of the furnace chamber walls results in an increase in the flue gas outlet temperature Tfe and a decrease in the heat flux absorbed by the furnace chamber walls

Determination of the average degree of the furnace chamber fouling
The waterwall heat efficiency coefficient ψ will be determined in an online mode from the following nonlinear equation: The condition of equality of the calculated and measured values of the steam mass flow allows an assessment of the degree of the furnace chamber fouling .
The waterwall heat efficiency coefficient ψ is equal to the product of the waterwall shape factor x, which for tight walls in the OP-380 boiler is equal to unity, multiplied by the fouling coefficient  of the chamber furnace heating surfaces: where: x = 1 for membrane water-walls used in the boiler studied.
Determining  so that the calculated and measured values of the boiler efficiency are the same, it is possible to assess the average degree of the fouling of the walls of the furnace chamber.
Owing to this way of determining the value of , the temperature of flue gases at the outlet from the furnace chamber Tfe may be calculated much more accurately.
If the fouling of the chamber walls is higher, the waterwall efficiency coefficient decreases:  = .The heat flux absorbed by the boiler evaporator par Q  gets smaller and the flue gas temperature at the furnace chamber outlet gets higher.As a result, there is a reduction in the steam mass flow generated in the evaporator and directed to the superheaters, which, at a higher flue gas temperature Tfe, causes an increment in the reheated steam temperature (at the same mass flow of fuel: pal Q  ).In order to maintain the reheated steam temperature at the set level, bigger mass flows of water fed into the reheated steam attemperators are necessary.Also the flue gas temperature after individual superheater stages rises due to the fouling of the furnace chamber walls.
The following quantities:  the waterwall heat efficiency ,  the mass flow rates of water m  , as well as Tsp, after individual stages reach permissible set values, the steam slag and ash blowers in the furnace chamber should be activated.
Apart from the above-mentioned indices characterizing the fouling of the boiler heating surfaces in terms of heat exchange, the increase in the flue gas subatmospheric pressure after the superheater stages located further down the convective duct (at a higher distance from the furnace chamber) is another significant symptom of the fouling of the boilermainly of the surfaces of superheaters.Increased aerodynamic resistance caused by ash fouling of superheaters leads to a higher power consumption of the fans.The measurement of the flue gas pressure and of the engine power capacity may also be used to assess the degree of ash fouling of superheaters.

Mathematical model of the boiler evaporator
The live steam mass flow is calculated from the boiler evaporator mass and energy balance (Fig. 1b): Substitution of ( 5) in ( 6) results in: where par Q  is the heat flux transferred from flue gases to the evaporator via radiation and convection.
The heat flux par Q  may be calculated from the following expression: where Q  is the heat flux brought to the furnace chamber with fuel and air, and which is defined as: The symbol Tfe denotes the flue gas temperature at the furnace chamber outlet and The adiabatic combustion temperature Tad is calculated according to the [10].
It should be added that both efficiency and thermal calculations require the development of many functions and programs used for the calculation of thermal properties of water, saturated and superheated steam, and flue gases.The calculation of the fuel mass flow rate is based on the fuel chemical composition or on the coal calorific value.The second approach is more appropriate for practical applications since the chemical composition of the coal is not determined continuously.Boiler efficiency is determined online by the indirect method [6,13].According to the ASME Performance Test Codes: PTC 4 -Fired Steam Generators [14] stack gas temperature is corrected for air heater leakage based on O2 difference between flue gas into air heater and flue gas O2 leaving air heater.After correcting the temperature of the flue gas exiting the boiler the thermal efficiency of the boiler is calculated.
Based on the boiler efficiency η determined in an online mode, the coal mass flow is calculated from the definition of the boiler heat efficiency Heat balance across the superheater attemporators is used to determine spray water mass flows.The fuel mass flow rate at various boiler loads is determined from Eq. ( 10) taking into account that the boiler efficiency η is known,   10) and ( 11) denote, respectively, the enthalpy of: feed water after the economizer, steam saturated at the boiler drum pressure, injection water in superheated steam attemperators, brine, live steam at the boiler outlet, and reheated steam at the boiler outlet (Fig. 2).

m m m h h m m h m h m h m W W m h h m h h m h
The Energy and Fuels 25 6 Calculation of heat flow rates absorbed by superheater stages and monitoring the degree of fouling of superheaters and reheaters The degree of fouling of the i-th superheater stage with ash i is calculated continuously from the following expression: where: ,  12) is no need for measuring the temperature of the flue gas after the each superheater stage, which is especially difficult in the regions of high flue gas temperatures.
If the excess air ratio in the boiler or the slagging of the waterwalls of the combustion chamber vary greatly over time, the fouling factor calculated from the formula ( 12) can lead to less accurate results.An alternative way to assess the degree of ash fouling of a superheater stage is the ratio of the current overall heat transfer coefficient Ui,z versus overall heat transfer coefficient for the clean surface Ui,c.
The overall heat transfer coefficient Ui related to the surface area Ai is calculated in the on-line mode using the following relationship: where the symbol Tm,i denotes the mean logarithmic temperature difference (LMTD) between the flue gas and steam.The flue gas temperature at the outlet of the combustion chamber and before each superheater stage was calculated based on the flue gas temperature measured after the last superheater stage in the flue gas duct.The flue gas temperature is then low and easier to measure.Assuming that the measured value of the flue gas temperature after the entire superheater in known, the flue gas temperature before each stage of the superheater including flue gas temperature at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be determined sequentially.Based on the energy balance equation for the i-th superheater stage the flue gas temperature g, T at the inlet of the i-th stage of the superheater can be obtained The steam temperature at the inlet , Knowing the temperature of the inlet and outlet exhaust gas and vapor for each stage of the superheater can then be calculated Tm,i.When the superheater stage is fouling with ash, then the value of the parameter U,i is decreasing.The heat flow rate absorbed by the  The heat flow rates absorbed by individual stages of the live steam superheater in the OP-380 boiler may be determined from the following expressions (Fig. 1):  platen superheater, which includes wall superheaters which absorb heat flow rate 1 SH Q  and hanging platens which absorb heat flow rate and Considering that hSH12 = hSH1K (Figs.1-2) and substituting equations ( 18) and ( 19) into (17), the following expression is obtained:  second stage platen superheater  third stage (final) superheater Considering that The heat flow rates absorbed by individual stages of steam reheaters in the OP-380 boiler may be determined from the following expressions (Figs.1-2):  wall reheater  final reheater Energy and Fuels 25 Pre-setting the limiting value of the fouling degree i for i-th superheater stage, the frequency of sootblowers activating can be controlled.If the fouling degree is lowers below the prescribed limit then the sootblower is activated.Steam and water enthalpies were determined using International Steam Tables [15].The heat flux measurements using different methods are presented in [16][17][18].
7 On-line monitoring of the steam boiler thermo-flow parameters The ability to monitor the thermo-hydraulic parameters of steam power boiler is shown on the example of OP-380 unit used in CHP Krakow S.A. RAFAKO design OP-380 steam boiler is drum type, radiant, pulverized coal fired boiler, with natural circulation.Its characteristic is shown in Table 1.The Figs. 4a and 4b shows the time changes of the fuel and live steam mass flow rates and also changes in the excess air ratio and the boiler efficiency.Fig. 4a shows the stable operation of the boiler close to nominal capacity.Throughout the time period the value of the excess air ratio does not change, and the boiler efficiency is high -in the range of 91.6%-92.0%.

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A different situation is presented in Fig. 4b.This figure shows large time variation of the excess air ratio.In the first part of the analyzed interval excess air ratio reaches a value of approx.1.6 which is accompanied by a decrease of the boiler efficiency up to 90%.It is associated with high temperature in the combustion chamber and hence a large heat losses in the flue gases.In the second part of the diagram 4b excess air ratio decreases to 1.2, which is a typical value for this type of boiler.This situation is reflected into an increase in boiler efficiency above 92%.
Heat flow rates received by the power boiler evaporator (Fig. 5), live steam superheater (Fig. 6) and steam reheater are also monitored.On-line monitoring of the heat flux received by the steam boiler heating surfaces can be used to assess the fouling and slagging degree of the combustion chamber and live steam superheater.The increase in fouling of the combustion chamber is reflected by a decrease in live steam flow.This information can be a signal for the operator to start the boiler water or steam soot blowers.

Conclusion
The ability of the developed system to monitor thermal and flow parameters, thermal stresses and lifetime of critical pressure components has been shown on example of a steam boiler with natural circulation.
The system of power boilers operation monitoring allows to determine following parameters: heat losses and boiler efficiency, coal mass flow rates, fouling and slagging degrees of the combustion chamber and all superheater stages.The monitoring systems Energy and Fuels 25 performs the on-line heat transfer calculations of the boiler combustion chamber and heat flow rates absorbed by superheater stages.An important task of the computer system developed is also determining thermal stresses in critical pressure parts of the boiler and to estimate their remnant life.The proposed computer system ensures economical and safe operation of the boiler in steady states and during load changes.Due to the development of wind farms blocks in thermal power plants should be capable to rapid starts.By installing developed system start-up time of the boiler can be greatly reduced without the risk of overheating superheater tubes and shortening service life of the boiler structural elements.
properly measured and calculated mass flows of steam.The steam mass flow obl par m  is a function of the waterwall heat efficiency ψ and it is calculated from the boiler evaporator energy balance.The symbol zm par m  denotes the steam mass flow at the boiler drum outlet determined using the steam mass flow p m  measured at the boiler outlet and the water mass flows 1 w m  and 2 w m  fed into steam attemperator No. 1 and No. 2, respectively.
 injected into attemperators,  the flue gas temperature after individual superheater stages are strongly dependent on the degree of the fouling of the furnace chamber walls.If  is reduced, and 1 w m  and 2 w

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Natural circulation steam boiler OP-380 with capacity of 38010 3 kg/h: a) longitudinal crosssection of the boiler, b) diagram of control volume for the boiler evaporator mass and energy balance

5
Determination of fuel mass flow rate

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Diagram of control volume for the boiler mass and energy balance rocessing Techn.88, pp.1082alid only for steady state conditions.The symbols: hwz2, hn, hw1, hw2, hods, hp, hRH3 in equations (10) and (11) denote, respectively, the enthalpy of: feed water after the economizer, steam saturated at the boiler drum pressure, injection water in superheated steam attemperators, brine, live steam at the boiler outlet, and reheated steam at the boiler outlet (Fig.2).The calculations of the volume and mass flow rates of the flue gases are based on the calculations of the volume and mass flow rates of the flue gases are based on the determined fuel mass flow rate.Based on the determined excess air number  using the expression:  = 21/(21O2), defined as the ratio of the air to the air flow rate required theoretically, the volume and mass flows of moist flue gases are found.The symbol O2 denotes the volume fraction of oxygen in the flue gas.

T
after the i-th superheater stage is known from the measurement or from the calculation of the preceding superheater stage.The steam mass flow rate , s i m  was also measured, and the mass flow rate of the flue gas , g i m  was determined based on the known fuel mass flow rate F m  .
based on the energy conservation equation.The control area and the method of the superheater energy balance determination is shown in Fig.3.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Live steam and fuel mass flow rates, excess air ratio and efficiency of the power boiler time distributions

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Time distribution of the heat flow rate absorbed by the boilers evaporator

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Time distribution of the heat flow rates absorbed by the live steam superheater stages absorbed by the fouled i-th stage at the same load of the boiler the fouling degree of the i-th superheater stage can be evaluated in the on-line mode.
i Q 

Table 1 .
Characteristic of the OP-380 power boiler