Public services for distribution of drinking water and liquid sanitation in urban zones in Morocco Relevance of introduction the performance indicators for preservation water resources

* PhD student in Environmental Science and Development laboratoryBSEUniversity Hassan I. FST -Settat. Email: akka.habib@gmail.com 2 Laboratory of the Sciences of the Environment and the Development – Training: Biology, health and EnvironmentUniversity Hassan I. Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Settat. BP 577 Settat Morocco 3 Directorate of Communal Operators and Conceded ServicesMinistry of InteriorRabatMorocco


I-INTRODUCTION
Drinking water and liquid sanitation public services constitute a communal prerogative (Loi organique 113-14, 2014)).Communes have the freedom to create and manage or delegate their management to public or private operators.In addition to their responsibility in relation to other townships, the operators are obliged to respect three fundamental principles while exercising their management.These principles are inscribed in the constitution of the Moroccan Kingdom namely, equal citizen access to services, continuous service supply and fair territory (Constitution du Royaume du Maroc, 2011).These principles can only be truly guaranteed through two main axis for durable water resource management e.g., resource saving and its protection against pollution.Indicators are set up to evaluate the performance of these two management aspects which are still regarded as insufficient to figure out the reality.This article comes within the scope of a national research entitled ‹‹ Public service management of water and liquid sanitation: performance measures between communal operators and private operators›› This work is supervised by Professor Abdelhamid Bouzidi, within the environmental science and development laboratory at the scientific and technical university of Settat, Morocco.This work is also supervised by Mr. Said Housni, head of the technical department at the Directorate of communal operators and Concession Services of the Ministry of the Interior, Morocco.The objective is to analyze the suitability of performance indicators for the management of water resource, which is intended for urban distribution.This can be realized through a national assessment and review of some applied models worldwide.An indicator panel of water resource management will be suggested at the end of this report.

II-STATEMENT OF FACTS
The indicator assessment, ‹‹Performance of drinkable water distribution system›› which is applied in drinkable water distribution service without a legal basis, demonstrates an average value of 74.5% consolidated by the communal operators and private operators.(Ministère de l'Intérieur, 2016)).A deposit of 58 Mmᵌ (1) of drinking water is lost every year with regard to an optimal feasible distribution performance of 82%.The amendments made to this indicator between 2005 and 2015 are 4.3 points for private operators and 5.9 points for commune operators.Nevertheless, these values remain biased due to the absence of standardization of calculation methodology and performance indicators.In this respect, we notice that in the 2015 database, a 1 point improvement performance would help to gain 8 million mᵌ of drinking water every year.

II.1. Multiplicity and interference of contributors: factors against good
water resource mastery.
The institutional and functional schema of water in Morocco is characterized by a vast number of participants.The attributions are redundant and stand as an obstacle against a positive management of public water service.In fact, as outlined by the economic, social and environmental council (CESE, 2014): ‹‹ In a macroscopic view of the participants' role in the water sector in general, the multiplicity of the contributors, and the global scheme of interoperability become extremely complex, risk generator and inefficient».These interferences are manifested in two main levels: 1-Perimeter of urban planning (2) does not always coincide with perimeter of management.This leads incoherence in the establishment of directing schemes and causes, for the communes, a lack (1) The total volume manipulated by the communal operators and private operators in 2015 is 774 Mm3 while that actually recorded and consumed by the users is of the order of 577 Mm3 (2) The Perimeter of urban planning is fixed by statutory way fixing the spatial extent and the rules of its urbanization.This perimeter covers inevitably the territory of the territorial community.
of visibility on the resource; 2-In the case of private operators' management, small townships are likely to be demographically and economically stifled by other big ones due to the absence of a strong institutional authority.The managers invest their money in projects which are highly profitable and where there is strong social pressure.Any interference is constraining especially when two operators intervene in the same perimeter.

II.2.1. Drinkable water service
The glossary used and calculation parameters differ from one operator to another.This lack of conformity is manifested at the level of variable indicators calculation.Concerning independent public companies in particular (communal operators), the product specifications do not demonstrate any indicators that can measure performance.However, and as a consequence of the competition in the distribution sector together with the introduction of private operators in management, annual reports of public companies indicate that the technical and financial ratios are similar to performance indicators.Three prominent dissimilarity examples:  The designation of "access to service" is discordant.The denomination access rates, the rate of connection coverage are used to give information about special network coverage.Still, this can mean for certain operators the availability of water in taps. Network performance is calculated according to different approaches.It is defined as being the volume of water sold and added to the volume of water mobilized (produced volumes and imported volumes).Because sold water is not defined beforehand, it creates a confusion concerning the volumes that are not changed but used with full knowledge of the facts (consumed volumes for free, used volumes for service requirements, etc).The majority of operators don't give enough precision to this subject. Linear loss index follows the same approach as performance without the presence of standardization reference rate.Although the technical performance systems (yield of network), which are run by communal operator and private operators, have improved by 80%, linear loss index is so high that it makes this result superfluous.(16.9 mᵌ/day/km in 2015) (Figure n°4). Users' water consumption tendency is declining.It was the range of 7.5% from 2005 to 2015 (all operators and all customer segments are taken together).The tendency has gone from 115.8 to 107.1 l/inhabitant/day.(AKKAH and Bouzzidi A, 2017) (Figure n°1).Temporary evaluation indicators of consumption in the users' tap, which are absent in the current indicator set, are relevant in measuring when a drop or rise persists, and inevitably impacts the whole production-distribution process.

II.2.2. Liquid sanitation.
Wastewater, which is manipulated by communal operators and private operators, accounts for 510 Mmᵌ volume in 2015.This number represents approximately 70% of wastewater discharges at the national level.Treatment rate is at 80% for both communal operators and private operators.All this water is rejected either in the sea or in hydraulic public land (figure n°2).Only 37 Mmᵌ, among 63 Mmᵌ is reused (Ministère de l'Intérieur, 2016)).The most known project is that of Marrakech city which recycles part of the used water for golf irrigation, the irrigation of palm grove and green municipal .places.It has to be underlines that the reuse of raw sewage has always been a common practice.In 2009, it was estimated that about 70 Mmᵌ of raw sewage was reused to irrigate an area of at least 7200 ha in the outskirts of some big cities like Marrakech, Meknes, Oujda, Fes etc)(CORDOM NICOLAS and AL, 2015).This shows that the reuse of used water is relatively accepted.

II.3.1. Resorting to benchmarking for indicator qualification.
In 2006, water and sanitation management laboratory of (ENGREF) established a frame of reference concerning linear loss index depending on the covered area (rural or urban) (table n°1).The correlation is done by taking into account subscribers' size per kilometer network (DREAL-CERA, 2013).In this frame of reference, the consolidation of the last five year results qualifies the performance of communal operators and private operators as poor.Obviously, the values exceed the reference in the urban area of GEA.The national average is 20.8mᵌ/day/km.By applying this ratio on the total network length of communal operators and private operators' area, we are surprised by the big amount of water lost; either 556 500mᵌ per day (3) (with regard to an optimal LIL average of 3,3 mᵌ/day/km).In order to line up with the diagram norms in figure n°3, these loses have to be brought back to 104 940 mᵌ/ year. (3)The length of the total drinking water network (communal operators and private operators) is of the order of 31 800 km

II.3.2. The case of Maghreb countries and Jordan
Drinkable water system in Tunisia (SONEDE, 2016) is characterized by a linear index of loss that is 50% less than that wasted in Morocco (8.7 versus 16.9mᵌ/day/km in 2015).The average yield of network is also higher (figure n°4).The indicators of water resource management in Tunisia   The reuse in Tunisia, however, is more developed that in Morocco.If the latter reuses 7% of wastewater manipulated by communal operators and private operators, Tunisia will succeed in reusing 26%, which is equivalent to 60 mmᵌ (figure n°5).As for liquid sanitation, the current indicators in Morocco cover quantitative aspects.Used, collected and treated volumes of water as well as the number of STEP are the only indicators that appear in management reports.We also note the total absence of information concerning sludge management.

II.4. Urban rain water.
The problem of urban rain water continues to create differences between territorial community and operators.In fact, there is an important rain water flow; thus, it necessitates investment to be collected.In addition, the last is not recovered by applied tariff model.Their reuse is still low.The lack of regulatory and financial incentives seems to be a determining factor in the negligence noted in this regard.

III.1. Particularities of Morocco
The following specifications have to be taken into account while adopting the performance indicator approach in public service management of drinking water distribution and sanitation in Morocco.
1-Direct management by the communes: a lot of townships in Morocco themselves manage water services and/or sanitation.When there is lack of means, communes cannot assume the maintenance of performance indicators in a detailed and precise manner.2-Urbanization degrees of management perimeter: in a rural area, the density of individuals connections is very small.Diameters of canalizations are reduced and the network is wide in space.Concentrating on connection runaways will have no sense.The dysfunction frequency indicator of public fountains is more significant than dysfunction detection frequency in the pipe system.The latter is generally installed in places where road traffic is infrequent; hence, it does not provoke breakage (even if installation conditions aren't always optimal).3-Traditional systems of drinking water: Including indicators for traditional systems of drinkable water is so required.A lot of villages are provided with water through schemes which are composed of well, a small tank and some public fountain.These systems have always existed since the PAGER program started and still function in areas where there are active users associations.4-Information and communication: The transparency need and participation in public life are emerging dynamics in Moroccan society.This dynamic has to be taken into consideration while monitoring the dashboard.It is about designing indicators that translate users' expectations with regard to these two aspects.Information campaign or joint bulletin attached to the invoice including details about the services as well as comparisons with neighboring communities etc. the recent law 31 -13 about access to information supports this suggestion.5-Utilities of information and communication between actors: the implementation of indicators is not solely about setting variables.The discussions about setting up performance indicators are always arduous.This is mainly due to the different possibilities of perceiving an indicator and also of the conflicting actors' objectives.Consensus, assessment and clamping are of paramount importance in this process.The phase of normalization is there only the crowning.).In addition to that, the interpretation is always difficult.The difficulty resides in the extent to which the management perimeter is qualified; urban, semi urban or rural.In the case of Morocco, frequent construction of villages and suburban districts in cities makes this idea reasonable.The indicators, the density of subscribers and Linear Consumption Index have to be included in the matrix in order to be able to judge whether it is a rural, urban or intermediate perimeter ( (Renaud, 2009)).The employment of output as an exclusive indicator of the system condition in France was discussed and questioned (long ago) ( (GUERIN SHNEIDER, 2001)).Furthermore, we notice that IWA didn't include the network efficiency (yield) as an indicator in its report about performance of water distribution services.(IWA, 2003).c-Water public service operators demonstrate the performance on their management dashboard.In fact, the network efficiency intervenes in the economic calculation: the yield indeed intervenes in the economic calculation: the more the yield is low, the more the volume produced for a given consumption will have to be important, and the more the proportional loads in the produced volume will be raised.This approach has been particularly theorized in England together with the "economic level of the leaks" (GUERIN SHNEIDER, 2001).The comparison helps to guide the choices between different technical solutions (realization or non realization of leakage research, system rehabilitation or construction of new production infrastructure…).In Morocco however, it would be very difficult to ignore the indicator of yield of the network, given its simplicity and popularity to all actors.It is however necessary to see to it to separate between yield in the production (adduction) and yield in the distribution, and not to neglect the index of the losses in network.d-The examination of the common Yield on the network calculation formula draws the following observations:

1-The necessity to review mathematical construction efficiency (yield).
 An additional distortion of the yield that manifests itself in the processing of the volumes produced by the operator: a surface resource requires more treatment compared to an underground resource.The quantities rejected in the first case are obviously larger.The overall yield would be affected without any change in consumption. The supplementary distortion of production is manifested at the level of the processed volumes which are produced by the operator: a surface quantity necessitate further treatment as opposed to ground water resources. Distinguishing between technical yield and commercial yield. Some authors prefer to use net yield which eventually intervenes with uncounted consumed quantities, diverted volumes and service volumes.However, this raises the difficulty of uncounted and diverted volumes.This feature renders the principle of net output in contradiction with the principles of measurability and verifiability.For this reason, some authors prefer and encourage the appellation "primary yield instead of net yield".In order to preserve water resources, the authors suggest adopting production performance (yield) (COUSQUER et Al., 2005)
a) A lot of authors recommend analyzing the following indicators simultaneously: a-primary yield-b-number of leaks-c-replacement rate-d-leakage finding rate.b) When the network comprises a part in a rural area, the indicator will be divided into two sub-indicators (rural and urban).A rural network is generally dispersed and extended.LIL is necessarily low in comparison with urban areas.

3-Resource protection index.
This indicator gives information on the development of actions taken in order to protect water resources against major factors of pollution.This has a percentage explanation.This indicator serves to know the effective consumption tendency of users.It is preferable to divide the population in terms of consumer segments because the trend can be low for one category and high for another.In order not to have biased results, it is not recommended to consider service consumption and that of agents because it is not charged.Everything that is cost-free encourages excess.The aim is to appreciate water consumption variation of the consumer and to study her tendency with regard to awareness campaigns and pricing system.Eventually, the allocations used for the design of the networks equipments' can be revised.

III.2.2. Liquid sanitation service: Widening indicator matrix of resource management performance
In Morocco, the regulations as far as the standardization of used water rejection is concerned relate certain specific activities to limited values of rejection.(Domestic used water and industrial activities of sugar, cement, surface treatment, paper pulp, paper and cardboard).In the same respect, a decree related to individual sanitation system was promulgated in 2006 listing the sanitation systems that belonged to this group.Joint application texts should specify the technical arrangements of these systems construction.
In 2015, a new law about water was promulgated (law 36-15) amending the law 10-95 which has arranged a whole section to liquid sanitation, treatment and reject (article 106 to 110).This legal framework is waiting to be completed by executive acts for an appropriate start-up of performance measurement mechanisms.Nevertheless, at the present stage, it would be possible, through contractual or conventional means, to insert specific indicators for the preservation of the water resource against water pollution.The two aspects to be evaluated are the liquid discharges and the fate of the treatment products.

Figure n°1 :
Figure n°1: Consumption dynamics per unit (Communal operators and private operators) N.B:The mathematical correspondence between production and LLI is not obvious.When it's about estimated or measured variables, the bias are numerous.The marked difference in the values of volume loss using the two indicators shows the suitability of the consistency of the two equation indicators.

Figure n°2 :
Figure n°2: Waste water rejected according to the treatment and the receiving environment (Communal operators and private operators)

Figure n° 4 : 6 E3S
Figure n° 4: Yield (a) and LIL (b) of water distribution network in Morocco and Tunisia

Figure N° 5 :
Figure N° 5: used water volume treated and reused in Tunisia (2013) (ONAS, 2013) a-Productivity is an environmental and economic indicator before being an indicator of the network state.For some authors, it is primarily an indicator of the waste of the resources (GUERIN SHNEIDER, 2001).For others, only the net return (performance indicator of the distribution network) reflects the use of a resource with or without waste (IGD.Fondation d'entreprises, 2004.)b-A number of specialists touch upon the necessity of supplementing the production with other indicators ( (IGD.Fondation d'entreprises, 2004.)) ( (GUERIN SHNEIDER, 2001)

Table n° I
: GEA frame of reference for loss index(RNAUD, 2009)

Charged consumption unit (sold) (1/day/inhabitant) (consumer segment)
The indicator "water resource protection index" is rarely or never used by the operators in Morocco.The reason seems to be linked with the fact that water resource management, belongs the water department prerogative.The indicator's utility is recommended for operators who produce at least part of the distributed water4-