A Three-dimensional Competition Evaluation Approach on Environmental Technology in China

Since 2000, a relatively complete system for environmental science and technology has been established. However, there are no clear quantitative results on the exact level of China’s current environmental technology. This research has established a three-dimension technological evaluation model consisting of longitudinal technological gap judgment, horizontal technological level comparison and indepth technological development stage analysis. The results show that China’s environmental technologies have formed the basic pattern of leading, parallel and tracking. Nearly half of China’s technologies are in the pilot trial stage, while the technological leading countries are mainly concentrated in the industrialization stage. It’s not easy to support the construction of national ecological civilization.


Introduction
China has just completed its third decade of sustained economic growth at a high rate.These economic achievements, however, have been realized at considerable environmental cost even though the government has been making great efforts in developing laws, regulations, institutions and human resources necessary to sustainable manage the environmental consequences of economic growth [1].After China entered the New Normal Economy, during the "13th Five-year Plan", environmental protection ushers in rare historic opportunities and faces severe challenges.Scientific and technological development of environment shall not only offer technical support for conventional pollutant discharge reduction and environment quality improvement, but also face up to the competition from rapid development of green technologies in the world.It also bears on its shoulder the great burden of optimizing the economic growth pattern.Under new situations and circumstances, implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and optimizing allocation of scientific and technological resources have become outstanding issues in deepening the reform.In the environment field，it has become the priority facing various levels of governments to focus on the current situation and major demands of the scientific and technological development of environment in China，to carry out technical assessment, to have a better knowledge on China`s technological development level, to select strategies for scientific and technological development of the environment on a reasonable and effective basis and to determine key points.

Three-dimensional technology competition evaluation approach
What are the "effects" achieved through a long period of technological catch-up and capacity accumulation?For developing countries, a major challenge is to catch up with developed countries.Nowadays, economic scholars tend to define catch-up as a narrowing of the gap in productivity and income between a leading country and a lagging country [2].It has also been described as a process by which a late-developing country increases its technological capability vis-à-vis a leading country [3].These studies suggest that catch-up may be measured using several indicators [4].Our focus is on the technological aspects of catch-up, defined as substantial improvement of technological capabilities from technologically lagging countries in their process of closing the gap with incumbents in advanced countries, thereby approaching the global technological frontier.Rachel (1996) believed that differences in technological competence and opportunities caused by the technological gap were major factors that influenced transformation of pattern of technical progress from imitation to innovation [5].Thus, late-development countries shall firstly focus on whether the technological gap among technology-leading countries is being widened or narrowed.
In reality, preference for late-development advantage normally makes late-development countries rely on the path of technology introduction.Technology introduction is an inevitable choice for developing countries in the initial stage of industry, but the development of industrial technology should not be regarded as an easy and quick enhancement process through technology introduction.It requires conscious technological efforts to finally achieve the independent innovation.
Historically, the development of technological capabilities in lots of developing countries fell into a vicious circle of 'backward -introductionbackward again -introduction again' [6].In addition, as technology-leading countries face the catch-up of latedevelopment countries, they are continuously launching new technologies through R&D so that their leading positions can be ensured.Meanwhile, by applying the restricted technology exporting strategy, catch-up of late-development countries with leading countries in technologies can be slowed down.Technological innovation has become a strategic support for improving social productive forces and the comprehensive national strength.Compared with technology-leading countries, especially benchmarking countries with the greatest comprehensive national strengths like the US, we would like to know the ranking of China.Thus, we also pay attention to the status of China`s overall technical strength and its rank compared with technology-leading countries.
In the end, on the basis of reviewing the overall technical strength level, it is also necessary to further learn about the mastery of core fundamental technologies, technological development stage and other competition information.In international technological competitions, it is required to ensure and intensify the leading position of technology and be able to keep absolute competitive advantages at the source and key technological fields, so as to play a dominant role in the middle test and industrialization stages, and further acquire competitive edges in the middle and downstream industrial chain.On  With the continuous improvement of understandings of people on effects of technologies and continuous development of technological evaluation, paradigms and methods of technological evaluation have also shown some major development.Besides the conventional objective analysis method [7,8,9], the basis of subjective analysis method is adopted for experts' subjective judgment [10], given the ease of capturing through this method all the softer aspects of technology related factors [11,12].Due to the complexity and interaction in the modern society, especially for the judgment on the trend of future technological development that is full of uncertainties, there is no reasonable technological method to master the future.Therefore, the best way is to acquire information as much as possible, follow one`s "intuition" in processing information, offer an insightful perspective and reach a basic consensus [

Methodologies
In order to comprehensively evaluate the level of China's environmental technology development, we carried out a technology level survey to China's environmental technology according to the logic of "field-subfield-technology items".The key technologies involved in the survey mainly cover the following 9 subfields: Ecological rehabilitation, Water pollution control, Air pollution control, Soil pollution control, Environmental health and risk control, Marine environmental pollution control, Environmental protection industry, Worldwide environmental convention implementation and Recycling economy, a total of 125 technology items.As the research was mainly about the current status of China's technologies, the experts selected were all front-line R&D and management professionals.During the questionnaire process, after correcting some unclear questions and answers and deleting some invalid questionnaires by phone and e-mail, 210 experts who participated in the investigation effectively and 427 copies of valid questionnaires were finalized.The experts participating in the survey were mainly young professionals, most of whom possessed senior titles and half had studied or worked abroad.The whole structure of experts was reasonable with a good representativeness.
In the analysis of China's technology gap and the technological development stage, the paper used the maximum judgment method.For example, when judging "the change trend of the gap between China's technology level and the international leading level since 2006", there were N1, N2, N3 experts whose answers were "widening", "narrowing" and "to be confirmed" respectively.The corresponding options made by over (N1+N2+N3) 2/3 experts would be considered as the expert opinions of the project so as to obtain consistency.If the values were equal or the number of experts was too small, the project should be returned to the environmental technology research group for rejudgement to get a clear conclusion.After three rounds of expert meetings, a consensus was formed basically.But there were also few experts who had great differences about the judgement, making it difficult to make a clear judgment of the non-consensus technology.

Longitudinal judgement on technology gap
According to investigation results, compared with the international leading level, technological development of all sub-domains in the environment field in China is generally slowing down, especially in water pollution control, air pollution control, marine environment pollution, environmental protection industry, worldwide environmental convention implementation etc. Gaps between all key technologies and international leading levels are being narrowed down.

Horizontal Evaluation on Technology Level
Among the 125 key technologies under investigation in the environment field, according to the judgment of experts, 26 key technologies have currently caught up with the international leading level.China synchronizes, has smaller gaps or is parallel with the international leading level in 45 key technologies.Over 40% technologies are still subject to the tracking stage, especially VOCs discharge reduction support and monitoring technology, system management techniques for watershed pollution control, organics pollution soil bio-remediation/bio-ventilation technology, pollutant ecotoxicological effect testing and prediction technology, key technologies for stereoscopic monitoring of coastal zone environment and other key technologies.Experts participating in the investigation generally believe that there are considerable gaps between some technologies and international leading levels; as for quite a few technologies, gaps are even more significant.
According to the distribution of basic patterns of technological competition in various sub-domains, among the key technologies under investigation, more than half technologies in sub-domains like ecological rehabilitation and worldwide environmental convention implementation have already caught up with international leading levels, while more than half of key technologies in sub-domains like water pollution control, soil pollution control, environmental health and risk control, marine environment pollution, and environmental protection industry are still subject to the state of tracking levels.Compared with the international leading level, there are 3, 25, and 87 international leading technologies in the laboratory stage, the pilotscale experimental stage and the industrialization stage.There are 10 technologies hard to be certained.It can be seen that among the key technologies in the survey, the technological leading countries are mainly concentrated in the industrialization stage.Excluding the uncertain technologies, the proportions of China's technologies in the laboratory stage, the pilotscale experimental stage and the industrialization stage are 16.5%, 46.8% and 36.7%(asshown in Figure 2), while those of the leading countries are 2.6% 21.7% and 75.7% respectively (as shown in Figure 3).The research on the technological competitions shows that China's environmental development stage has an obvious gap with the international leading level as a whole.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Technological development pattern of environmental field in China 4.3 In-depth technological development stage analysis Through the survey of the 125 technology items in the environmental field, there are 18, 51 and 40 technologies in China which are in the laboratory stage, the pilotscale experimental stage and the industrialization stage.There are 16 technologies hard to be judged.From the quantitative point of view, most of China's technologies are in the laboratory and pilotscale experimental stage.Compared with the international leading level, there are 3, 25, and 87 international leading technologies in the laboratory stage, the pilotscale experimental stage and the industrialization stage.There are 10 technologies hard to be certained.It can be seen that among the key technologies in the survey, the technological leading countries are mainly concentrated in the industrialization stage.Excluding the uncertain technologies, the proportions of China's technologies in the laboratory stage, the pilotscale experimental stage and the industrialization stage are 16.5%, 46.8% and 36.7%(asshown in Figure2), while those of the leading countries are 2.6% 21.7% and 75.7% respectively (as shown in Figure3).The research on the technological competitions shows that China's environmental development stage has an obvious gap with the international leading level as a whole.

E3SFigure 2 .Figure 3 . 5 Conclusions
Figure 2. Distribution of technology development stages in China's environmental technology field 13].Relatively speaking, expert opinion survey has been most widely used.Based on the above considerations, the research is different from technological competition evaluations made by previous studies through papers, patents and other objective data; instead, it has established a 3-

Table 1 .
the development trend of sub fields