Municipal Solid Waste Transport Operational Cost of Seberang Ulu Area, Palembang City

. Transportation system is an important part of the municipal solid waste management system, and also requires substantial investment and operational costs after the landfill. The further of the service route and the more the number of trucks ritation then the greater the operational costs to be incurred. Transportation system in the research location uses two methods, namely Hauled Container System/HCS (4 units) and Stationary Container System/SCS (19 units), each with 6 m³ capacity. Armroll truck activity analysis found that one time ritation takes an average of 2.72 hours and the average amount of ritation is 3 rit / day. The operational cost required for the armroll truck is 13.433.68 IDR / m³ / day. The result of dump truck activity analysis obtained the average time in one ritation is 4.77 hours, with the amount of ritation of 2 rit / day. Operating cost for dump truck is 25.400.1 IDR / m³ / day so HCS method with armroll truck is more effective than SCS method with dump truck, although the number of units is less in the research location, this is due to the investment cost of the carosery which is slightly larger than the dump truck.


Introduction
Providing good municipal solid waste management while ensuring the sustainability of financial management will always be a challenge in developing country cities, where budgetary costs in municipal solid waste management systems have not been a top priority due to limited government funds [1]. Components in municipal solid waste management that require considerable investment and operational costs are on collection and transport systems, in addition to the landfill system. The limitation of these funds has ultimately shown various impacts on the environment, either directly or indirectly. Various research on financing in solid waste management has been done and continues to grow until now. Koushki analyzes the cost of municipal solid waste management in Kuwait and concludes that there are three factors that affect the low cost of the collection and transport system, that are low wage labor and driver, low maintenance costs (due to low wages), and low energy costs [2]. Burhamtoro states that the success of transportation system in municipal solid waste management can be measured based on four things: efficiency of time, energy and fuel efficiency, environmental impact, and safety. Burhamtoro analyzed vehicle operating costs with the Pacific Consultants International (PCI) method (1990) that using a regression equation with speed as an independent variable, and conclude that the vehicle fuel component has the highest percentage in municipal solid waste transportation costs (27.45%), followed by wages (18.97%), and interest rates (12.09%) [3]. Olukanni analyzes the selection of the most economical transport system by involving factors that affect the cost of collecting and transporting solid waste, that are vehicle costs, total time spent on garbage collection, and gross travel costs, so it can be concluded that stationary waste collection methods are the most optimal and economical collection method whereby there is a 56% reduction of conventional methods in the total haulage cost per garbage collection/day [4].
Purpose of this research is to obtain the time needed by the transportation system in bringing solid waste from the collection system to landfill while analyzing the transportation cost of solid waste / m³ / day in the research location, that are in the area of Seberang Ulu, Palembang city, Indonesia. Selection of the study sites is based that the ulu region is the farthest area of the landfill site, so has the travel time and the most cost when compared the other areas of Palembang city. The Seberang Ulu area consists of four subdistricts; Kertapati, Seberang Ulu I, Seberang Ulu II, and Plaju with an area of 85.86 km².

Materials and Methods
Transportation system that brings solid waste from collection systems to landfills with mixed solid waste conditions still uses conventional trucks, armroll and dump trucks with a capacity of 6 m³ and 10 m³. Table 1 shows the average solid waste weight obtained from direct measurements in the collection system (temporary shelter) for seven consecutive days and the number of truck units serving on the collection system. Table 2 shows the capacity and number of ritations of arm roll and dump trucks obtained from direct observation and data from the Environment and Cleanliness Office of Palembang city (2016). There are four sub-districts located in Seberang Ulu area and become the location of the study, the four sub-districts are also densely populated areas and have more low-income residents than the Seberang Ilir region. Sub-district Seberang Ulu II has the highest amount of solid waste at the location of the collection system (temporary shelter) so that more trucks that needed to bring the solid waste to the landfill. The number of dump truck trips is 2 rit/day with a capacity of 6 m³ of 18 units, and 10 m³ of 1 unit. While the number of arm roll trips is 3 rit/day with a capacity of 6 m³ and the number of trucks is 4 units. The pattern of municipal solid waste transport in Indonesia has been regulated in Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Number 19-2454-2002 which examines the Operational Procedures of Municipal Solid Waste Management, which consists of Hauled Container system (HCS) and Stationary Container System (SCS). Armroll truck uses the HCS pattern where the truck with the container leaves the pool to temporary shelter 1 to exchange the empty container with the full container and directly to the landfill, then from the empty trucked truck to the temporary shelter 2 to re-exchange the container with those already containing the garbage and bringing it to landfill, and so on (Figure 3).
While the dump truck uses manual SCS pattern, the truck that goes out of Pool to temporary shelter 1 and the garbage at container at temporary shelter 1 is loaded into the truck manually by human power, then the truck goes to the next temporary shelter and fill truck with trash, and so on until the truck's capacity is full then truck to landfil, empty truck from the landfill will begin a new ritation in the same way ( Figure 4). Ritation   = from the pool to the first location t2 = from last location to pool W = factor off route (Non-productive in all operational activities) The cost of transporting solid waste consists of moving costs and fixed costs. Moving costs include operating costs incurred by garbage trucks (fuel, engine oil, mechanics, tires, spare parts maintenance, depreciation, capital interest, vehicle insurance, driver and crew wages). Fixed costs is costs incurred when the vehicle is operating or not. Fixed costs are the fees stated in the local tax assessment letter.
The method used for moving costs calculation is the regression equation developed by PCI (Pacific Consultants International) (1990) .This method produces non-dimensional quantities and in units of 1000 km, so to get the per-km unit value required distance data and average speed average of vehicle in operation and to get operating cost of vehicle with rupiah currency required monetary value regression equation of PCI model.

Trashloading Time and Amount Trip
Armroll trucks serves eight temporary shelter locations in the Seberang Ulu area with 6m³ container capacity and trip number (ritation) of one to 3 times a day. The furthest location to reach from the landfill is 18.9 km, while the nearest location is 14 km away. Analysis of armroll trucks transport time by HCS method in one trip or ritation and the number of rit / day is calculated by equations (1), (2), and (3) which can be seen in table 3. In the HCS pattern (Table 3), time haul of solid waste transportation observed directly in the field, consist of times from pool to temporary shelter (t1), time from landfil to pool (t2), travel time from temporary shelter to landfill (h1), travel time from landfill to temporary shelter (h2), waiting time and raise the container (pc), time to lower the container (uc), total time in landfil (s), operational time (t-operational) and average velocity (v), so that the required time of armroll truck in one trip is 2.72 hours / rit and the amount of trip is 3 rit / day. In the SCS pattern, the field observations of dump trucks at the time from pool to temporary shelter (t1), time from landfill to pool (t2), travel time from temporary shelter to landfill, and landfill to temporary shelter (h), time to empty the container (uc), time between temporary shelter sites (dbc), total time in landfill (s), number of containers emptied per rit (ct), number of container locations per rit (np), operating time (toperational), and average speed (v). Here is the analysis of solid waste transport system using dump trucks (table 4) using equations (4), (5), and (6). The result of the analysis shows that the average time required in one rite is 4.77 hours / rit with the amount of ritation is 2 rit / day.

Solid Waste Transporting Costs
The calculation of the garbage haul cost (IDR / m³) of the armoll truck and dump truck using equations (7) to (16) is shown in Table 5 and Table 6. Garbage hauling costs by armroll trucks averaged IDR 13.433 / m³ with average distance of 105.7 km from temporary shelter to landfill, and dump trucks of IDR 25,400.1 / m³ with average distance of 42.79 km from temporary shelter to landfil, or with other words, the cost of dump trucks transport is more expensive amount IDR 11,967.1 / m³ with a shorter distance than armroll trucks. This is influenced by the different patterns of transport on both types of trucks where armroll trucks use HCS pattern that require less time and labor than SCS pattern employing manpower in loading and unloading of solid waste either in temporary shelter or in landfill.