An overview of encouraging sustainable tourism in the coastal tourism of Karang Jahe beach: issues and challenges

. Sustainable tourism basically governs human and environmental relations based on the principles of sustainable development. Thus the critical challenge for policy-makers is how to ensure sustainability, quality and human and environmental issues in the tourism sector. Tourism Area of Karang Jahe Beach (KJB) according to Plan of Utilization of WP3K Spatial Allocation of Central Java Province is included in tourism zone. The growth of nature tourism in this area is quite rapid over the last three years with the typology of mass tourism. The growth of nature-based tourism activities encourages economic growth and the welfare of the people. But in its implementation, nature tourism activities become very susceptible to interference due to human intervention. Considering the ecosystem's richness in the coastal area, the economic potential and the complexity of tourism management in coastal areas, the planning of sustainable tourism development should be a serious concern of stakeholders, including coastal tourism in Karang Jahe Beach. The relevance of sustainable tourism development planning in Karang Jahe Beach can be seen from several issues 1) economic, 2) social, 3) environment and 4) legal. A Touristic Ecological Footprint can be used as an approach to assess the environmental carrying capacity and formulate a coastal tourism development strategy. Carrying capacity-based ecotourism development is expected to play an important role in realizing low carbon community development..


Introduction
The travel and tourism industries growth faster in the world and is a source of income for many developing countries. This industry is responsible for over0230 million jobs and over 10% of the0gross0domestic product (GDP) worldwide. [1]. Globally, this sector contributes positively to the level of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and employment [2], including in Indonesia [3]. The significant growth in tourism over the last three decades has led to increasing the relationship between the tourism and the environment. The interaction between tourism and efforts to conserve natural resources has been the concern of experts for the last 3 (three) decades which then led to the phenomenon of ecotourism, which is grew faster than the tourism industry as a whole. The United0Nations0Environment Program (UNEP) and the Conservation International agency indicate that most of the tourism expansion is happening and around the world's remaining0natural0areas [1], including Indonesia.
As one of the largest archipelagic countries, coastal tourism becomes one of potential alternative that can be developed. In 2002, the Government of Indonesia has launched an ecotourism program and Year 2003 is designated as the year of maritime tourism. Coastal areas have biodiversity, resource productivity and environmental services and accessibility. In these conditions, coastal areas find their relevance as a potential place for the development of various intensive development activities, including the development of nature-based tourism. However, on the other hand, it is also very vulnerable to various forms of negative impacts caused by development activities both within the coastal areas and those on the upper and the high seas. Naturebased tourism is defined, as0a form0of0tourism that includes-forms of tourism (eg, mass.tourism, low-impacttourism, adventure0tourism and0ecotourism) that use wild or underdeveloped natural resources. A complex set of social, economic, physical and ecological relationships in different settings has increased the understanding that 2 The challenge to achieve sustainable tourism

Human aspect
In the human aspect, the issues of sustainable tourism is concerned with : 1. Gender equality; The challenge of sustainable tourism development is one of them is about gender equality. Research [4] found that in terms of formal employment and decision making, local women are often ignored. In some cases, women even fall into prostitution activities around the tourist area. So the critical challenge is to ensure that women get a decent portion of their livelihoods and decision-making in development activities. 2. Political-economy policy; One of the main issues is the compatibility of sustainable tourism to economic growth. Economic growth is about increasing the production and consumption of goods and services. Economic growth is often accompanied by a decline in natural resources. Sustainable tourism must be understood from the perspective that economic0development, including tourism, depends on the stock0of natural0capital. Tourism steady-state is a tourism system capable of encouraging the improvement of the quality of life and human welfare without harming natural capital [5].

Capacity and capability of communities; and
Ecotourism, in principle, should empower local communities. The Quebec Declaration in 2002 [6], suggest that 5 (five) criterias should be used to define ecotourism: nature-based 0products, minimal0impact0management, environmental education, contribution0to0 conservation and community.
Community Based Tourism (CBT) Management is an alternative to rural community economic activities other than agriculture and natural resource use. CBT is useful to equate people's perceptions and visions in tourism development to reduce potential conflicts and misunderstandings in the future. Second, to provide0a good understanding0of the0positive and negative effects of CBT. Third, gain a more detailed understanding of the similarities and differences between tourists and community members from the local context, including the motivation to travel. Knowledge gained by the community, from these experiences, then becomes a learning tools in decision-making to achieve their ideals, values and interests in the tourism planning process [7].
To improve community capacity, it is necessary to provide assistance and partnership efforts. Governments, financial institutions (banks), environmental NGOs and eco-tourism consulting companies channel financial and technical resources to local communities in the hope that ecotourism can be a tool for integrated conservation and development. This partnership allows people with no experience in tourism to participate and benefit from ecotourism [8].

Environmental aspect
In the environmental aspect, the issues of sustainable tourism is concerned with: 1. Climate Change Tourism can not be separated from the global response to climate change. There is a causal-loop between tourism and global warming, both as victims and contributor. The rise of sea level, desertification and water scarcity, deforestation and threats to biodiversity caused by global warming, as well as melting of snow and glaciers. These conditions make the tourism sector as a victim of global warming. On the other hand, tourism also contributes to global warming, although there is no precise calculation yet. Tourism contributes to global CO2 emissions and global warming, about 5% and 4,6% respectively. The air transportation sector became a major tourism contributor to global warming. This sector is responsible for total carbon emissions due to tourism sector, and from radiation transmitters 40% and 54-75% respectively [9]. Coastal tourism becomes a "victim" that must be prioritized, as coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to climate change. A studies suggest that climate change can be assessed first through changes in physical conditions necessary for tourism; second, by using climate index to measure tourist attraction; and, thirdly, by modeling the demand for tourism by incorporating climatedetermining factors [ areas (within 5,000m) [11]. Similar research in China's special economic zone, Hainan indicated tourism-influenced developments have led to landscape fragmentation, vegetation degeneration, coastal erosion [12], quantitatively, increase in demand for construction land and sustainable spatial disturbance with landscapes [13].

Spatial Planning
Spatial planning and tourism relate to one another. Spatially, tourism occupies a certain place with distinctive spatial character. Spatial planning acts as a tool to integrate the various interests of land use in a region. Sustainability is a complex issue and has many factors (social, economic, cultural and environmental), so it is difficult to ensure sustainability without a true and consistent spatial approach [14]. The challenge of spatial planning is to ensure an efficient utilization of limited land resources and to ensure equitable use of resources for development activities, including natural resources and0 landscape, land, water and air resources. The issue of sustainable tourism can not be separated from spatial planning. Policy-makers should consider the area suitability aspect with spatial planning in developing sustainable tourism [15].

Carrying Capacity
In the context of tourism, carrying capacity can be described0 as0 the0maximum0number0of0people who can0visit tourist destinations at the same time, without causing0 damage to0 the0physical, economic0and0socio-cultural0environments0 and degrading the quality of unacceptable0 visitor satisfaction [16]. One approach to determining environmental carrying capacity is the Ecological Footprint (EF) analysis. Ecological footprint is a regional-based indicator 0that.quantifies.the intensity.of.human resource.use.and.waste.disposal activities in relation to the ecological carrying capacity of a region [17]. The main strengths of ecological footprint analysis because it involves ecological economics considerations in its analysis [18] .
The eco-footprint.analysis of.tourism is one of the newest and most effective methods used to analyze the environmental impact of tourism. Tourism is a dynamic activity where every visitor has different consumption activities and behaviors. A study has shown that a) tourism is a type of lifestyle with extreme ecological.consumption, where EF per capita produced by tourists is greater than the EF of local people generated from their daily lives in tourism and tourist destinations, b) by approach components, EF's most important tourism components are transportation, accommodation, food and waste [19].

Apllying sustainable tourism in Karangjahe Beach
Considering the ecosystem's richness in the coastal area, the economical potention and the complexity of tourism management in coastal areas, the planning of sustainable tourism development should be a serious concern of stakeholders, including coastal tourism in Karang Jahe Beach (KJB). Geographically, Pantai Karang Jahe is located in Rembang regency, which is one of the regencies in the north coast of Central Java Province. The relevance of sustainable tourism development planning in KJB can be seen from several issues: 1. Economy From economic aspect, the research by [20] mentioned that the potential of economic value of intangible tourism at KJB is Rp 305 billion per year with actual utilization rate of Rp 26 billion per year (8,6% from economic potency). The same study shows that surplus value of KJB ecotourism consumers is greater than the actual average cost incurred by visitors. This indicates that visitors benefit from environmental services greater than the cost incurred. The greater economical potention value must be accompanied by efforts to maintain the quality of the environment.

Social
From the social aspect, its relevance can be seen from the involvement of the community in managing the coastal tourism of Karang Jahe Beach. The establishment of KJB Management Board is one of the efforts to encourage the development of ecotourism in the region. In addition to synchronize with village development activities then formed a village-owned enterprise. The data from the KJB Management Board said that the implementation of coastal tourism has absorbed 500 more labor.

Environment
From the environmental aspect, the carrying capacity of the area as a result of the increasing number of visits should be the attention of the KJB Management Board. The growth of nature tourism in this area is quite rapidly during the last three years with the typology of mass tourism. of coastal/coastal tourism zone [21]. According to Local Regulation No. 14 of 2011 on Spatial Planning of Rembang Regency Year 2011-2031, one of the potential development strategies of marine and fishery sector in the north is developing an integrated coastal tourism area. KJB tourism area located in District Rembang, including into seafront city. This area is a manifestation of coastal area management into a leading coastal city area through the development of activity centers and network of road transport and marine transportation infrastructure in the integration of the development of tourism area, fishery area and industrial area of Rembang Regency [22].
Another challenge of the legal aspect is the possibility of a conflict of norms between Law No. 23/2014 on Regional Government and Law No. 1/2014 on the Amendement of Law Number 27/2007 on the0Management0of0Coastal0Areas and Small0Islands. One of the implications of Law No 23/2014 is that the law does not entirely authorize or reduce the authority of resource management in marine, coastal and small islands areas of the Regency/City. This resulted in a lack of clarity of interpretation of the regulation [23]. In 2017, the village government of Punjulharjo has issued Village Regulation No 1/2017 as a legal standing for managing Karangjahe beach tourism objects.

Conclusions
The fundamental and critical challenge to establish sustainable tourism is how to facilitate economic development, while minimizing the negative impacts of development activities in accordance with the carrying capacity of the coastal environment. A complex set of social, economic, physical and ecological relationships in different settings has increased the understanding that ecotourism plays an important role in realizing sustainable tourism. In many ways, sustainable tourism illustrates the important role of cotourism to the sustainable development.
Sustainable tourism basically regulates human and environmental relations according to the principles of sustainable development. Thus the critical challenge for policymakers is how to ensure sustainability, quality and human and environmental issues in the tourism sector. From the human aspect, the issue of sustainable tourism is linked to gender equality, economic policy politics and capacity and capability of society. While from the environmental aspect, the issues of sustainable tourism concern with climate0change, land0use and land0cover change, spatial planning and carrying capacity. Considering the ecosystem's richness in the coastal area, the economic potential and the complexity of tourism management in coastal areas, the planning of sustainable tourism development should be a serious concern of stakeholders, including coastal tourism in KJB. The relevance of sustainable tourism development planning in Karang Jahe Beach can be seen from several perspectives 1) economic, 2) social, 3) environment and 4) legal. A Touristic Ecological Footprint can be used as an approach to assess the environmental carrying capacity and formulate a coastal tourism development strategy. Carrying capacity-based ecotourism development is expected to play an important role in realizing low carbon community development.