Safety in construction in the field of investment in urban infrastructure

The purpose of the article is to review the theoretical foundations and practical examples of investor assessment with an integrated approach to the development of urban infrastructure. The article analyzes the conditions for reducing the investment costs of projects. For this purpose, methods of clarifying the conceptual apparatus, classification, systematization and an integrated approach are used. The significance of an investment project depends on its positive influence on at least one of the external or internal markets: material and financial products, services and labor, on the social environment and the environment. Examples are provided of the impact on urban planning and the ecology of the urban landscape of investment projects in the field of tourism in recent years, implemented at the expense of the Federal Target Program "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russia for 2011-2018." in Sarapul, Barnaul and Cherepovets. The authors conclude that in the examples cited there is a relationship between the risk tolerance of the project and the complexity of the approach to its implementation, and as a result, the amount of investment. Large projects are designed not only to solve specific problems of the investor, regions, economy, state and society, but also ensure the profitability of the state budget at various levels, create new jobs, ensure GDP growth in the country and investment in various sectors, create conditions for the development of the country's regions. The narrowly focused investment projects are fraught with great risks for the investor due to the selectivity and limited scope of the manifestation of effects.


Introduction
Currently, in a market economy, the key to the emergence and sustainable development is the efficiency of capital investment in the investment project. The investment project itself is a program of measures, according to which funds are invested in certain business

Methods
To achieve the goal, methods of clarifying the conceptual apparatus, classification, systematization and an integrated approach are used.
The investment project is a system of organizational, legal, technical, technological, financial and legal materials that are necessary for the creation and high viability of the object of entrepreneurial activity. Such a system is approved in the form of documents that include the formulation of the purpose of the activity under consideration, as well as a set of actions that are aimed at achieving it.
In a broader sense, the investment project is a certain organizational system, assembled from the following components [5,6]: 1) main and secondary objectives of the activity; 2) tasks formulated to achieve the goals; 3) participants organized for the sake of joint activities to achieve their goals, as well as the basis of their relationship; 4) financial, material, labor and other resources that ensure the implementation of the goals; 5) technological processes and physical objects that need to be created or improved in the process of solving the problems of the project; 6) organizational and technical documentation; 7) decisions related to project management and activities for their implementation. Due to the fact that the investment project should not contradict the system of existing socio -economic relations, its mandatory participants are [7][8][9]: -Executive authorities (municipal, regional, Federal); -economic subjects of activity of different orientation (municipal, transport, communication, construction, design and survey, industrial, resource-providing, etc.). Characteristics of the investment project are considered to be the following indicators [10][11][12]: -orientation of project activities, which is determined by the objectives of its participants; -the scale of the project, determined by the level of its impact on the social situation; -commercial and economic efficiency of the project and its inherent risks. Investment projects may have different directions depending on the current economic situation in the regional market, socio-economic situation and the goals of the participants. The importance of an investment project depends on its positive impact on at least one of the external or internal markets: material and financial products, services and labour, social and environmental conditions. Investment projects on the scale can be divided into [12,13]:  largescale;  regional;  city;  sectoral;  local. Each of these indicators has an impact on the assessment of investment efficiency.

Results and Discussion
Investments in the development of the urban landscape always have several ways of assessing their effectiveness. Thus, creating a residential district, the city receives a new local market for services, food, an additional burden on the transport infrastructure, and also creates an epicenter of concentration of labor, which is beneficial for local enterprises, new homes which require the renovation of roads, heating infrastructure, sanitation, replacement of power grids with more powerful, the creation of social facilities and recreation areas. This, in turn, improves the quality of life of local residents, activates small business.
On the other hand, the creation of industrial facilities will also have a diverse impact on the city and its inhabitants, both in a positive and negative way. We will try to illustrate the positive effects and existing risks in the implementation of investment projects in the field of tourism. In the tourism sector has its own characteristics for investment projects. Such projects for the development of tourism and hotel industry in various regions contribute to the formation of a highly developed tourism industry that meets international standards. This creates jobs and improves the appearance of the city by developing its image. At the same time, with an excessive degree of development of the tourist segment, local residents begin to suffer from rising prices, traffic saturation, queues to cultural facilities, adverse environmental consequences of exceeding the recreational load on the area, and an increase in the number of diseases due to overcrowding.
An example is offered of the impact of investment projects in the field of tourism in recent years, implemented at the expense of the Federal target program "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation for 2011-2018" on urbanism and the ecology of the urban landscape is indicative [14][15][16][17], We take three projects of construction or renovation of tourist and recreational areas in the cities of Russia: in Sarapul, Barnaul and Cherepovets [18]. We will trace the positive effects of the implementation of these investment projects and the possible risks [19][20].
The tourist and recreational cluster (TRC) "Kamsky Bereg".is located of the Udmurt Republic, Sarapul. The project was implemented during 2013-2018. The elements of the project include: construction of the hotel "Sarapul" on the embankment of the river Kama; reconstruction of the dispensary, "Ozone," to create a medical and diagnostic center and SPA-complex; a restaurant and hotel complex arranged on the waterfront near the river port; the complex of buildings, "house of the Tower;" and the construction of a multifunctional sports center on Kalinin street, 28. Moreover, these facilities were created on extra-budgetary funds of private investors. And, budget for the project was ws used to create the supporting infrastructure: reconstruction of the embankment of Kama river, reconstruction of the Central square of the gas network to the hotel on the street Opalina, reconstruction of roads and pedestrian areas, water supply and drainage, gas supply network, reconstruction of power supply networks and the construction of the heating plant. [18][19][20] The volume of investments amounted to more than 1 billion rubles, the lion's share of which was private investment (see table.2). Sarapul is now transformed, the embankment has become not only a favorite place for walks of citizens, but also attracts tourist steamers during the navigation season. The city has new monuments, new traditions, new cafés and restaurants. The old Sarapul lived a different life, thanks to the improvement of housing and communal infrastructure.
As a result of the creation of the shopping Mall "Kamsky Bereg created 160 additional jobs, taking into account the need for human resources; tourist flow to the Republic of Udmurtia increased by 36.3 thousand tourists per year. The forecast of tourism development is favorable, is reflected in Table 3. However, local residents note that the creation of tourist display facilities is not the main goal of improving the quality of life of the population. Local residents are gradually losing the opportunity to use the city beach because of the docking of ships. There is an opinion that the money would be better spent on the construction of kindergartens and hospitals, road repairs, the creation of an industrial enterprise that would give jobs to local residents. The risks are also associated with the short seasonality of river cruises. As a result, hotels and cafes are empty most of the year.
The following example describes Cherepovets in the Vologda oblast. Here, as a tourist attraction, the city embankment is also improved and, in a similar way to Sarapul, the project is focused mainly on tourists arriving by river vessels. Created are a museum complex of the metallurgical industry, the exhibition complex of samples of wooden housing construction, the passenger pier with restaurant, construction of hotel, tourist and recreational complex, construction of public and trade and sports and improving complexes. In addition, the construction of a road on the site from Milyutina street to the lane was made. Also created are a tourist and recreational complex, "Manor Gali," network engineering infrastructure, a beach area, and a water park.  One hundred and six additional jobs were created taking into account the need for human resources; the tourist flow to the Vologda region increased by 194.6 thousand tourists per year.
The risks of this investment project are similar to the previous one, but they are assessed as lower, thanks to the versatility of the project. It can be concluded as a narrow specialization in tourism services.
Regarding the topic of implementation of projects in the field of urbanism, the most indicative experience of the Altai territory, where in Barnaul created the TRC "Mining city." The building was built on Pushkin street, 78 (a memorable place, which in the XVIII century was the estate of I. I. Polzunov), an administrative and cultural center on Pushkin street, 62, an administrative building in historical style on the street. Polzunova, 52a, a shopping and entertainment complex "Gulliver Park", a historical monument "Manor of the merchant Shadrin," the PLAZA, the museum "chocolate Factory", the museum "World of time" (an object of cultural heritage), the restaurant "Hunting yard" Socialist St., 27, a building of the XIX century by Lenin, 17, an exhibition center with a tasting room and a museum of the genesis and development of beekeeping in the Altai on the street Malotobolskaya, 8A, a public historical and cultural complex at Lva Tolstogo str., 8A, 10A, 12 (profitable house), the building at Lva Tolstogo str., 8, the eight facades of the historic buildings on the street Leo Tolstoy, the building of the market "Central", hotel complex at the Bolshaya Olenska, 34, a hotel complex on the street a Little Olenska, 31, the building at Lva Tolstogo str., 15, the memorial complex with a temple of John the forerunner, a business center "Forum" on Gogol street, 38, the beekeeping museum and crafts "city of masters". In addition, facilities have been created to provide infrastructure, such as a modular boiler house, the Nagorny Park complex, terracing the slopes of the Park with drainage, a bridge over the river. Also created were Barnaulka, the complex "commercial and cultural area with walking street," the protection of the river Ob, the heavy shower sewage in the streets of Leo Tolstoy, a Little-Tobolsk, electricity, water, gas, complex "Cathedral square", the gas network, line, external lighting and a barrier fence of the terraces of the slopes of the upland Park in the framework of the tourism cluster "Barnaulmining city." Table 6. Amount and sources of funding for the creation of tourist and recreational cluster "Mining town", Altai Krai, Barnaul, mln. RUB. As a result of the investment project, 2900 additional jobs were created, taking into account the need for human resources; the tourist flow to the Altai territory increased by 224.3 thousand tourists per year. Table 7. Forecast of the tourism industry of the Altai territory, taking into account the contribution of the investment project of the TRC "Mining town", Barnaul This investment project is also largely focused on the development of urban infrastructure, and therefore, among the positive effects of the project are the benefits created for a wide range of people, mainly local residents. The focus on year-round operation of the created investment project helps to reduce the level of risks.

Source
Also in the given examples there is a relationship between the sustainability of the project against risks and the complexity of the approach to its implementation, and, as a consequence, the amount of investment.
In general, investment activity is quite risky because its effectiveness affects the future results of the business. At low economic efficiency of investment activity of the enterprise and, as a consequence, low investment attractiveness the investment process is possible. This is especially true for small and medium-sized enterprises.
The decision on the economic feasibility of investment, as a rule, is closely dependent on the goals of the investor:  profitability (profitability) of the investment activity;  growth of the company through annual increase in the share of the controlled market;  maintaining a high reputation among consumers;  the creation and testing of innovation in the framework of the investment project. The effectiveness of the project reflects the correspondence of the costs and results of the investment project to the interests and goals of the participants. The interests of the state and the population are also taken into account. In the issue of making a management decision on the possibility of implementing an investment project, special attention is paid to the effects of its implementation: economic, social, scientific and technical, environmental, etc. [8,9,21].
The main effects of the implementation of investment projects include:  social (socio-economic) efficiency is related to the effectiveness of the investment project from the point of view of the interests of the whole society, while the company covers the costs associated with the implementation of the project. These indicators show the appropriate expenditure of resources in the implementation of the investment project;  commercial efficiency of the project-efficiency directly related to the problems in the integrated assessment of the efficiency of capital investments, as the project in a particular case is considered as an object of investment;  the budget efficiency of the investment project is estimated by the orders of the state or regional authorities; [12]  economic efficiency reflects the ratio of costs in the implementation of the project and the results in accordance with the interests and objectives of the participants of the investment project;  environmental efficiency of the project-reflects the relevant costs and results from the point of view of the state and society; [11]  social efficiency-reflects the correspondence of costs and social results of the investment project to the goals and social interests of its participants; [16]  other types of efficiency. Large-scale projects are designed not only to solve the specific problems of the investor, regions, economy, state and society, but also to ensure the profitability of the state budget at various levels, create new jobs, ensure the growth of the country's GDP and investment in various sectors, create conditions for the development of the country's regions. Given the scale of such projects and their results, the impact of their implementation should be taken into account. [3.22] In practice, there is no standard mechanism of quantitative assessment of projects with regard to bring the effect to participants of investment activities. Below, as an example, we consider the main types of performance indicators for the implementation of the investment project by the main groups of participants in tourism activities (table. 8):