Perspectives for the Transportless Mining Technology in Siberia and Far East Coal Deposits

. In accordance with the long-term program for the coal industry development in Russia until 2030, the growth in the share of the Far East Federal District in the total coal production should be 2.5% compared to 2018. Production volumes in the Siberian Federal District to 2030 should reach 309.5 million tons. These numbers are planned to be achieved through the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects for the development of new coal deposits with convenient mining and geological conditions, as well as the creation of new coal mining centres in Yakutia, Zabaykalsky region, Tyva Republic and other eastern regions of Russia. Taking into account the development of power generating facilities in Far East and Baikal region, coal consumption is planned to increase from 119 million tons in 2020 to 150 million tons per year in 2030. The realization of the planned indicators should be carried out taking into account the use of coal mining technologies that meet the mining and geological conditions of the deposits in this region. For a large number of coal fields in Eastern Siberia and Far East, transportless technology will be preferred.


Introduction
The development of the fuel and energy and power generating industry of Russia implies the commissioning of preferring coal deposits in Siberia and Far East. It is due to the reduction of the transport component between the centres of coal mining and the places of its use, in particular for energy purposes. It also provides for an increase in the potential of the coal industry in the Baikal region and Far East through the implementation of the longterm program for the development of the coal industry in Russia for the period up to 2030 [1]. The shift of the coal industry to the east of the country will occur in accordance with the orientation towards the formation of new centres of coal mining [2,3]. The main characteristics of coal basins and large referring deposits are presented in Table 1. Much attention is paid to this region in the planned volume of coal production at 500 million tons per year in Russia by 2030.

General mining and geological conditions of prospective coal basins and deposits of the Krasnoyarsk region and the Far East of Russia
The coals of the South Yakut basin are humus, mostly shiny and semi-shiny, less common are matte and semi-matte. Coal grades is wide enough (fat, coke-fat, coke, weakly caked).
According to the quality characteristics, the coals are classified as medium ash and high ash, difficult enriched and medium enriched, with a high yield of volatile matter (V daf = 18 -20%). The resources of coking coal are more than two times higher than the resources of steam one.
The Elga deposit is located in the central part of the Tokinsky coal-bearing region of the South Yakutian coal basin (Fig. 1). For the Elga deposit, thick (up to 15 meters) flat seams of caking coals with overlying sediments of small thickness.
The reserves and forecast resources of coal of the South Yakutia basin amount to 47.6 billion tons, of which 7.4 billion tons are on balance reserves, and 37.97 billion tons on forecast resources.
In the Tungus coal basin (Fig. 2), coal was found in sediments of the middle and upper Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic, and Paleogene. Coal content is associated with continental Permian-Carboniferous sediments with a thickness of 350 -1460 m, overlapped by Permian-Triassic tuffaceous and lava formations with a thickness of up to 1500 -2000 m, and numerous sills, dykes and rods of igneous rocks that form 10 -75% of the formation volume.
They are form large flat structures in the sedimentary cover of the Siberian platform. The thickness of the suites, their coal saturation are subject to significant fluctuations. In the Norilsk region, individual layers reach a thickness of 15 -20 m. Coals are low and medium ashes (A d = 9 -25%), low-sulfur (Sf d = 0.2 -1%) with a wide range of grades from brown to graphite. The widespread of thermal and contact metamorphism determines the limited reserves of well-coking coal, while increasing the degree of metamorphism of coal to anthracite and graphite. The main industrial coals are throughout the Permian sediments. The coal distribution is uneven. There is a gradual increase in the number and thickness of the layers from lower to the top strata.  The geological structure of the Kayerkan-1 field is relatively simple. The layers lies monoclinally with angles of incidence of 7 -12°. The stratum contains hollow seated sills and is dissected by steeply dipping dolerite dikes. Coals can be used as energy fuel, and partly to get coke.
The Daldykansk deposit is located southeast of the Kayerkan-1 field. The depth of the layers up to 200 m, with angles of incidence 2 -10°.
The Imangdinsk deposit (Fig. 3) is represented by a coal-bearing formation up to 350 m thickness, associated with the Middle-Upper Permian deposits of the Tungus series. The geology is simple; faults and the intrusions of dolerites had no significant effect on him. The coal seams monoclinally fall to the east at angles of 5 -10°. Operating layers have an average thickness of 1.6 to 14.2 m. The Bureinsky coal basin (Fig. 4) is a graben-like syncline with dip angles from 7 -15° on the western limbs to 35° on the eastern limbs. The thickness of the seams is from 1.5 m to 7.6 m which makes it attractive for the application of the transportless technology. The transportless mining technology using is limited to a coal seams dip angle of 10-15°, the physical properties of the overburden rocks of the internal dumps base and the hydrogeological conditions of the coal deposit [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The main parameters of the "simple" transportless technology are shown in Fig. 5.

Conclusion
Taking into account the intensification of the coal mining development in Siberia and Far East, the field of the transportless mining is wide. It is due to the suitable mining and geological conditions of the deposits: small coal seams inclination (0 -15°), significant coalbed thickness (three and more meters) and high overburden thickness (up to 200 m). This mining technology is also cost-effective due to the lack of a transport component, which will allow mining coal in the region with minimal costs and high productivity.