A contribution from psychoanalysis and neuroscience to a non-reductionist approach in economics

. What connections can be identified between economics, psychoanalysis and neuroscience and why make them? These are different disciplines and it is unusual to approach them together. The scientific paradigm of complexity includes and broadens the positivist paradigm and invites us to learn to think in terms of relationships and processes, and therefore in interdisciplinary terms. Specifically, it has been noted that the study of economics tends to be independent of a precise knowledge of human operations, of what actually determines effective choices and behaviours. In this sense, both psychoanalysis – understood as a discipline that leads the human sciences to the need to equip themselves in order to also consider the so-called unconscious aspects – and neurosciences – for the study of the neurophysiological correlates of the mind – can help build knowledge based on a complex systemic view of economic processes and their peculiarities. From this perspective, the group analysis – as also applying the unconscious conceptualisation to the study of the groups and to the groups clinic –can constitute a theoretical-experiential laboratory for the analysis and verification of hypotheses consistent with complex objectives, in the setting of survey, research and practice in the scientific, political and social fields .


Introduction
I rder t ctribute t the cstructi f a iterdiscipiary cuture f which this sae cferece is a sigificat exape I wi icude three directis i this iterveti the psychaaytic the epistegica ad the eurscietific.
The authrs I refer t here are S. Freud 1 W. Bi 23 ad S. Fues 4 . Beasayag 5 fr the psychaaytic part C.G. Hepe 6 . Wittgestei 7 P.. Feyerabed 8 E. ri 9 . cuha 10 P. acea 11 F. Capra 12 P.. uisi 12 fr the epistegica e ad G. Riatti 13 V. Gaese 14 . Sa 15 . Pagai 16 . Pribra 17 . Gi 17 . Ss 18 . Sacs 19 . Va der Hart 20 B. Va der  21 P. evie 22 S. Greefied 23 fr the eurscietific part ad its ascet itegrati with psychaaysis.
With Prfessr Burad 2427 ad with Apragi's ceagues 2831 we have fte bserved that the prevaiig ecic thery des t see t sufficiety tae it accut the reaity f hua behaviur ad hw the curret state f ur behaviur wedge ad techgies wud prbaby t aw cditis f effective sustaiabe existece fr the paet ad fr its biis f hua beigs ihabitats.
Why the is it sti very difficut t cceive ad ipeet a ecy (etygicay a 'huse aw') capabe f therisig ad practicig wedge ad ts fr the beefit f the c huse 2

Psychoanalysis, Neuroscience, Economics
Psychgy psychaaysis ad grup aaysis dea with the cpex dyaics uderyig a hua behaviur. eurscieces study the eurphysigy f the ivig. I their vast fied the erus devepet f cputer appicatis is prducig iterestig wedge  hua behaviur as detected by istrueta eas t.
The basis f psychaaysis is the ucscius everythig that idividuas ad grups are itte r t at a aware f ad which fr precisey this reas ca ead t thiig ad actig i a etirey irratia way. I 1921 after the tragedy f the First Wrd War Freud pubished a fudaeta essay caed Grup Psychgy ad the Aaysis f the Eg" 1 where he questied the pssibe reass fr such a draatic irratia ad ustppabe cfict.
Fr psychaaysis ad fr the grup aaysiswhich shud resut fr it ad which appies the cceptuaisati f the ucscius eve t the study f the grup ciic -the reass fr the expsi f destructiveess i huas ie i the itera ucscius cfict that characterises the civiised hua. Briefy i the evved idustria civiisati scietific ad techgica prgress rewards huas by prvidig the with edica care csuer gds ad the idea f a freseeabe future as aageabe with the ratia istruets f sciece ad techgy hwever i rder t buid preserve ad devep this civiisati hua have t reuce their istictuaity ad the desires it geerates either surrederig t the frustrati ad the prcess f reva that ca fw r tryig t fw the ipervius path f the trasfrati f the istictua eergy ihibited i a cstructive adaptati t reaity.
The itera cfict betwee the istictua ad the ratia is ucscius ad if it beces t strg ca as geerate a ucscius discfrt This urecgised discfrt wi shw itsef thrugh sypts at the psychic r physica eves r bth. Fr this perspective the the ustppabe ad irratia destructiveess f wars the aageet f the great prcesses f cisati ad igrati the sae actua gbaisati ad the irrespsibe expitati f atura resurces i shrt the viece cected with icr ad acr hua pheea beces a expressi f the 'discfrt' f a paetary civiisati that fais t sefgver. Such a faiure is due t the iusi f the absute pwer f a reductive idea f ratiaity which is reductive because it des t tae it accut the pwer f the ucscius. This idea f ratiaity is that which we fid i the prediat ecic ccepti. Fr a iterdiscipiary perspective it shud be ted that i psychgy ratiaity eas the itegrati betwee the differet specific eves f hua fuctiig. It is a very cpex ccept that I wi suarise as the itegrati betwee reaity the percepti f reaity eti feeig thught ad behaviur. I psychgy ratiaity is the awareess f the reatiship betwee e's w thiig (uderstd as the whe cpex f eta represetatis tivatis ad vaues) actis ad the csequeces f the reatiship betwee the tw.
Freud hisef athugh aware f the pwer f the ucscius cpaied as a eurphysigist abut the ac f eurphysigica assciatis with the fudaeta ccepts f the psychaaytic syste he was buidig.
Currety eursciece prvides the eurphysigica crreatis f the psychaaytic syste i a cpius ad detaied way.
eurscietific cfirati f the psychaaytic apprach is idirect ad thus particuary reiabe. The ctributi ade by eurscieces t the effective wedge f hua behaviur is iterdiscipiary as it is trasversa t the wedge f huas ad the wrd. A suary f this first part f this paper the is that a ctributi that psychaaysis ad eursciece ca ae t the cstructi f a ecy equipped t prduce effective discipiary wedge is the eed t tae it accut that ur actua behaviurs ur chices ad ur beiefs have cpets f which we are physigicay ucscius.
Puttig the wedge f hua behaviur at the fudati f the phygeetic physigy f the ucscius is fudaeta fr reasig i a iterdiscipiary way i a epistegica perspective f systeic cpexity.
S far I have tried t shw the ethdgica basis eeded fr aswerig the iitia questi. I wi ctiue t the subect f the cre ctets i the curret cutura debate ad i this cferece.
The ecic West f the paet is experiecig the third great revuti after the chage fr the adic hutergatherers it peraet farers fr farers it epyet i idustry ad services we are itertwiig ur daiy ife with the set f cputer techgy ad the iteret. By the ed f the 1960s the psiti f arsha cuha wh caied that The ediu is the essage" had aready caused sesati. Arguig that the ctet f ifrati is secdary t what is cveyed was a heavy bw t the supprters f the priacy f the id iteigece a sti uch ideaised idea f ratiaity.
I his cassica Uderstadig edia The Extesis f a" 10 cuha prpsed what seeed a rigia pit f view but tday this is substatiay cfired by eursciece accrdig t which every techgica (fr the whee t eectricity) iveti strgy difies the reatiship f a hua beig with the wrd because every techgy affects the eviret ad abve a because every iveti (fr writig wards as Pat's Scrates as affired) is a exteraisati f se hua fucti the whee aes waig seaess writig is a exteraisati f the ery ad eectricity is a exteraisati f ur ervus syste.
The eurphysigist Pau acea estabished a tripartiti f the brai i the 1960s that is sti i use tday 11. Accrdig t acea there are three ai ecephaic structures the braiste the ibic syste ad the ecrtex. These three structures are fi ad t. geeticay rdered they g fr the sipest braiste t the very cpex ecrtex. Briefy i the braiste as caed reptiia brai precisey because it is structuray siiar t that f repties the scaed sipe fuctis (reated t ur percepti f the eviret) priitive ad biary (acceptacereecti gdbad etc.) tae pace. The ibic syste which huas have i c with aas perfrs re articuated etia fuctis icudig the basis fr carig fr the chidre which is typica f aas. The ecrtex fiay hsts ipsig ad iprtat eectragetic activity ecessary fr the perfrace f cgitive ad affective peratis f cstat itegrati with the ther tw systes.
The ecrtex is icidetay the st evved part f ur brai ad it is iserted it a cstat bicheica ad eectrica cuicati ad exchage syste with the ibic syste ad the braiste. The presece f the ecrtex hwever is t equivaet t the itegrati f the three parts f the brai. The itegrati f the three systes is t a bigica prcess but rather a cpex cutura prcess t which success ay evireta ad scia factrs ust ctribute.
Taig cuha it accut agai 10 ad fr the perspective f the cditiig superirity f the ediu cpared t the essage we ca bserve hw ur age is characterised by a uique pervasiveess f the virtua". Hwever tday as yesterday it is the reatiship betwee huas ad their ivig eviret that 'speciaises' the brai fuctiig. Virtua reaity is characterised by speed istataeusess ad cstat accessibiity quaities that see t disregard the spacetie cstraits f  virtua reaity. These characteristics egrave" (as Beasayag says 5) ur brai aiy stiuatig the ibic ad braiste systes. The ecrtex is t a syste that autusy prduces iteigece thught wedge ad creativity. If t prpery traied ad stiuated ecrtica activity appies itsef t what it fids. rever currety it is icreasigy evidet that the virtua ediu cveys varius ctets (the essage) but this is secdary t the daity (the ediu itsef) f their trasissi which cditis the vera cerebra fuctiig.
Fr exape chidre wh use devices with tuch techgy t a arge extet ted t t devep tr sis r spatitepra ad reatia rietati apprpriate t their age.

Conclusion
I the West we are used t thiig f iteigece -the hua capacity t aayse huas theseves ature the eviret reatiships i a sythesis f prducig wedge ad trasittig it -as a characteristic f ur species hwever tday bth experiece ad eursciece te us that the ai characteristic f ur species is t the search fr eaig the exercise f iteigece ad disceret rather it is the tedecy t avid ay fr f sufferig ad frustrati.
This characteristic is typica f ivig beigs i geera t ust huas. The vety f ur ties is i the eetig betwee this IT ad ass edia techgy that prte ifiite ad very accessibe appicatis aied at prvidig peasure ad fu. The scaed arcissistic pathgies -thse cetred  the difficutyipssibiity t gver ipuses t terate frustrati t evauate the csequeces f e's actis fr esef ad thers -are currety icreasig. ust a few years ag with Prfessr Burad we ticed the siguar resebace betwee the ai features f the pathgies f the arcissistic area ad -citig his wr -the fact that a series f chices prduced a ecicfiacia syste ared by the cstat search fr ice adr prfits  very shrt average decisi hris at ay cst ad withut atteti t the vera csequeces f the activities carried ut (fr these reass this ecicfiacia syste has as bee defied as 'drugged' with referece t the cpusive addictive ad idifferece characteristics  the ediug ter as  e's w ife If we are experiecig the third great hua revuti (after the agricutura ad idustria revutis) the cteprary attept t refect  the gig prcesses cat avid beig be affected by ur beig siiar t the Wittgestei fish -which was the ast t tice the water arud itsef. What se f us ay see as the burrig f the 'hua' -as we are used t ive ad thi abut it -wi appear t the curret digita atives ad especiay t their descedats i a cpetey differet way.
I the systeic ad cpex evauati f the baace betwee resurces ad iits the i ecics as i ther fieds f wedge the ctributi f psychaaysis ad eursciece wi be t buid wedge aware f the pssibe ipicatis psed by the cstitutive ad ucscius hua characteristic f the avidace f pai. The ga ctiues t be the difficut trasiti fr idegy t wedge which -as ri ad thers argue -is the fatigue f wedge that is t say the fudatis f the eaigs ad the respsibiity f ur ivig i the c he we ca huaity.