What evolutions and technological solutions are necessary for sustainable land transport systems

. Starting with a glimpse of how mobility and traffic have been evolving in Europe in recent decades, and also with a comparison of motionless communications, the paper considers what mobility and logistics require today, in terms of general trends. In order to try to answer to this question properly, the constraints on transport systems in this first half of the twenty-first century are examined, as far as sustainability is concerned. From such a comprehensive perspective, it is possible to infer solutions for mobility and logistics within urban contexts and for extra-urban transport systems. The conclusions summarise the technological evolutions that can be expected according to the premises, which are therefore compliant with the current and expected environmental constraints and goals.


How are transport systems, mobility and traffic evolving?
This secti is aied at briefy describig • The ai trasprt ad biity treds durig the ast cetury ad the begiig f the twetyfirst cetury • The re f tiess cuicati • The daiy use f autbies The dead fr the biity ad trasprt f gds icreased thrughut the wrd durig the twetieth cetury ad has ctiued t d s sice the begiig f the twetyfirst cetury aiy due t the gbaisati f prducti ad the rise i ecic weath i csidatig ecies.The csequece f this icrease i biity ad trasprt is bviusy a rcetig f gba fue csupti the vast arity f which is currety based  crude i.I fact it is widey w that st trasprt systes rey  iderived fues which s far have bee ccurrety guarateeig a efficiet prducti depyet ifrastructura capiarity ad userfriedy prcureet  a wide scae which has bee reached i eary haf a cetury evertheess histry is the spectatr ad creatr f recurret utatis it appears evidet that ateratives t crude i are currety (apprx.2005202530) beig pursued t aw trasprt systes t ve i a sustaiabe way a igrati that shud be aaged ad accpaied by a evauati f the past ad at the sae tie favur ivati that ca satisfy curret eeds.
This earpy f crude i has bee reached prgressivey ver a perid f abut e cetury i st idustriaised cutries atricuatig vehice by vehice ad has bee evvig tgether with diffused trisati with the reated cpetece ad scae ecies ad as a resut it is difficut t eiiate by frce i the shrtediu ter  ther hua activities -such as idustries ad buidig -are i this extree situati.evertheess there are sutis avaiabe that are rieted twards der ecic eergy ad evireta gas withi the trasprt fied sutis that are presety beig pursued i Eurpe ad as i Itay 1 2].
Techgica prgress -aiy i the scaed greetr ad ITS (Iteiget Trasprt Systes) fieds i a attept t reduce depedece  the ear py f crude i 1 ad t reduce air eissis -has favured the devepet f bth ewICE (Itera Cbusti Egies) ad eectric trs tgether with hybrid pwertrais fr rad vehices by cectig the with ifrastructures fr varius ais icudig big faciities fr the rechargig f batteries.A this has aiy tae pace sice the begiig f the twety first cetury i st idustriaised cutries but re s i recet years.I the sae perid rad traffic i the EU ad the USA sees t have reached a perid f stabiisati abeit with a sight icrease i the ast few years (Figure 1).Fig. 1.Millions of passenger kilometres travelled by road, passenger transport, 1970-2015 [3], with focus (top-down) on Germany (light blue), Japan (green), France (purple), Italy (red) and the United Kingdom (orange).
ig at these treds it is ecessary t utie that as far as the iis f passeger ietres traveed by rad is ccered the ppuatis i the cutries tae as exapes (Geray apa Frace Itay ad the Uited igd) are sewhat cservative but as cparabe ad that the dead fr biity is a fucti f suppy.If the suppy is t cpetitive r there are re iterestig ateratives (i ters f actua use f trave tie r speed) dead ves esewhere.Rad trasprt has t y itrduced cstraits  high speeds i recet years -by adptig efrceet techgies t reduce accidets ad t pursue higher safety -but has as suffered fr the recet ccurrece f high speed trais (HST) which aw passegers t ae use f their trave ties (wr study rest ta etc.) besides fr reducig it with respect t the rad ateratives.
The speed f rad vehices ad re recety f trais (HST) has i fact dified traveig i the ast few decades fferig the pssibiity f bth reachig a etrpita destiati usuay i the city cetre i a shrter tie tha airpaes ad autbies withi 600 800  ad -st f a -f usig tie i a uber f differet ways s that HST has attracted dead.
Ather variabe as eeds t be tae it accut i a acraaysis f the dead fr biity three decades ag cputers bega t derise ast every aspect f der hua activities.Rughy te years ag it was the Iteret ad i a brader sese bidirectia cuicati that trasfred the previusy etied aspects as we as the scia behaviur f hua beigs.
The iprtace f tiess cuicati i the preset histrica perid thus eerges this beig the great techgica revuti f ur ties i this ctext 4].Give the iprtace that this ivative fr f cuicati has  sciety it is gica t presue that it as has a effect  the preset ccept f trised biity which represeted the great revuti f a byge era.evertheess it is the respsibiity ad prergative f the trasprt egieerig fied t reivet trised biity i a attractive way i rder t guaratee a ew cyce characterised by cected aut vehices e day pssiby autus autated pepe vers diffused ITS ad trised biity partiay idepedet f i derived fues The diagras i Figure 2 ad Figure 3 shw the treds f devepet fr 1990 t 2014 ad ca be studied i rder t atheaticay aayse what has eerged s far. Figure 2 reprts the gba grwth i the uber f Iteret users y the deveped wrd has bee csidered here.I this case the tred ie that best describes the situati is a sipe thirdrder pyia equati.
The fucti that best describes the tred ca be idetified as with R (cefficiet f deteriati)  09982 ( A pit iterpati ca be ade i rder t prpse a tred fucti i this way it is pssibe t see the devepet that cud be expected ver the ext few years that is a further pruced grwth.Perfrig the cacuati f the first ad secd derivatives f the fuctis i rder t study the grwth ad ccavity it is pssibe t te that the secd derivatives are bth egative i fact the fuctis have dwward ccavity.Furtherre as a garithic fucti it ca be ted that grwth teds t stabiise.
A chage i the grwth f this type f biity ca be see startig fr the itrducti f the Iteret i favur f tiess cuicati devepet hwever tiess cuicati -thrugh scia etwrs -ca as create ew is betwee stragers wh decide t eet each ther thereby geeratig a ew dead fr biity.Private trised biity eeds t be reewed hwever therwise the curret treds f stagati cud ctiue ad cud eve bece wrse.Assuptis f static exgeus csuer prefereces ca strgy bias the aret ptetia resuts fr ew previreta techgies i particuar with referece t a ew ccept f cected ad gree autbies with assisted drivig.Assisted drivig requires ICT creates the bases fr autated drivig ad ievitaby reies  itercected vehices.It shud be recaed that itercected here taes the rigia eaig f iteiget as it ces fr the ati itereg which eas I i tgether r I i with r thrugh2 .This a therefre ipies a very wide ad gastig path fr ITS i this ctext iteded as itercected ad as iteiget trasprt systes i which tiess cuicati is peritted i vehices s as t ctiue t aw traveers t have rete cectis eve whe vig t eet pepe fr wr actuay visitig paces physicay practisig sprt r ust fr eisure.It is a stiuatig but as ecessary cecti t prevet trasprt fr beig partiay utraed by tiess ICT uses ITS ca aw a c future f cabrati betwee trasprt ad cuicati.
Se authrs have t fud eugh evidece t estabish a i betwee the effects f the ctributi f Iteret access ad the chagig f differet types f physica activities it virtua activities.I the etherads which is siiar t ay ther cutries a sigificat chage i the use f cars by yug aduts has bee bserved which has decreased sice 1995 bth i ters f the uber f trips ad the uber f ietres traveed.Hwever  cear reatiship betwee chages i driver's iceses ad car wership has bee fud.
The Iteret therefre des t ecessariy ead t tiess biity but it ay favur the trasfer f biity t ther des f trasprt i fact it favurs pubic trasprt by cuicatig the waitig tiestrasiti ties (thus reducig the geeraised cst) r it ca favur the efficiecy f a the sharig eterprises (car bicyce trbie) that are based  a gd Iteret cecti rever the Iteret eas access t a greater aut f ifrati ad this ca ae users re aware f ad ecurage the t ae re sustaiabe chices with respect t the curret rad biity prpsas (purey putig).
evertheess a very aggregated aaysis f dead treds is t eugh t uderstad the actua daiy biity f pepe.I rder t d s recet researches have bee deveped with rea data fr the auttive fied.Accrdig t 5] a aaysis f a reaife dataset which refers t a exteded perid that asted re tha e year has bee cducted pertaiig t trips udertae i Eurpe by re tha 1000 vehices ad re tha 200000 trips by autbies.The resuts are a exape f the detaied ifrati that ca be extracted fr rugh data t supprt the decisis f staehders ad fia users (e.g. car aers authrities drivers) i rder t uderstad which rad vehices wi be abe t cpy with the actua daiy usage f autbies i the ext few years 6].
The ai scpe f that aaysis was t fcus  the variabes ccerig the durati ad egths f trips the ide ties ad the eergy csued by egies.These variabes were crreated ad cpared with the the ad expected hybrid ad eectric rages f auty as cstraied by the the ad ext geerati f eectric batteries bth i ters f auty ad tie required fr their rechargig.The ai f the study was therefre t fid aswers t the fwig research questi csiderig the daiy ieage actua fue csupti ad ide tie structure cud hybrid ad eectric pwertrais represet adequate ateratives t traditia egies taig it accut avaiabe battery rages ad chargig ateratives g distace trips were aaysed i detai t btai a better uderstadig f whether they cud be cvered by eectric cars i the sae ways as they are with ICE (itera cbusti egie)based es.I the extesive sape that was aaysed it wud be ecessary t icrease the rage t 400 day i rder t satisfy 99.9% f the trips.This target cud be reached by adptig a PHEV (pugi) r a fueectric car with a equivaet rage.This study prvided a quatitative aaysis f the eergy eeds btaied ver a wide rage f usage f rad vehices ad attepted t crreate the with the pprtuities fr recverig eergy durig the ide tie detected ver reaife 24h drivig cyces assuig the avaiabiity f iterediate charges.
The drivig aaysis was cducted by appyig tw differet appraches t the dataset.The first apprach was fcused  a recrded sige trip ad trips were cassified idividuay i reati t their egth durati ide tie ad ctext csiderig their frequecy f use.This first part was iprtat i rder t cprehed the st frequet car usages ad idetify the structure f represetative trips.
The secd apprach was fcused  a re geera view csiderig a the trips perfred each day i rder t prvide a verview f the daiy usage f the vehice.This secd step was re iprtat fr users ad car aers because it shwed hw differet trips cprised the etire daiy usage ad prvided the daiy traveed egth ad durati with referece t a 24h drivig cyce.
The frequecy f the daiy distace fr a trips is shw i Figure 4. Exteded daiy trips are reevat i this ctext because athugh 99% f the days per user ivves at st 400 day y 60% f the days per user ivvig ess tha 50 day are bserved whereas this rage was bserved i 99.9% f the days fr a urba ctext.

Fig. 4. Frequency [#days] of the daily distance covered over all the driving cycles (contexts) for all the trips.
The ide tie after fiishig a urey which is quite usefu i the ctext f rechargig the battery ad is cpiat with the tie requested fr such a fucti was first depicted fr the etire dataset a the ctexts urba extraurba ad trway were icuded (Figure 5).As ca be see i apprxiatey 50% f the cases the tta ide tie after fiishig a urey is ess tha 1 hur 10% is betwee 1 t 2 hurs 10% is betwee 2 t 4 hurs 10% is betwee 4 t 9 hurs ad it is re tha 9 hurs fr the reaiig cases (20%).
The resuts i Figure 6 cfir that apprxiatey 50% f urba trips preset a shrter ide tie after the ccusi f the urey tha 30 iutes.Ather 10% is betwee 30 iutes ad 1 hur ad apprxiatey 20% fas betwee 30 ad 2.5 hurs.I reati t the ighttie brea ather 10% f the ureys shw a rest tie f betwee 9 ad 15 hurs.

What do mobility and logistics require today?
A the afreetied geera treds ad cstraits (e.g. the use f i derived fues ad puti) assciated with the basic ccepts f sustaiabe trasprt -i.e.ad use eergy use evireta ipact aiteace icreased safety eve f persa biity -see t have had ad wi sti have i the future a rea ipact  the eves f biity ad therefre require a apprpriate aaysis fr a subsequet geera suti aiy -yet t y -fr the trasprt by ad issue.
Furtherre the idustriaised ecic syste i.e. that f e f the st ature cutries fr the idustria pit f view sees t be passig fr a ctext that is aiy based  bth idustria ad civi prducti the atter beig iteded specificay as the buidig f trasprt ifrastructures t ather e based up aiteace but as  efficiecy quaity ad safety.
I rder t uderstad what biity ad gistics require tday we eed t depict the situati fr a eergy ad evireta viewpit which i the authrs' pii wi affect the evuti f trasprt systes i the ext decades t a great extet.
At se pits i 2013 trasprt aready accuted fr re tha 60% f gba i csupti ad re tha 27% f the wrd's tta fia eergy csupti it was 20% i 2003.I ECD cutries this vaue (27%) rises wadays t re tha 30% (Figure 7).
Apart fr the direct ipact the prducti f fues used i the trasprt sectr as causes idirect eissis.
Fcusig  EU28 abut e quarter f the GHG (Greehuse Gases) eissis fr athrpic rigi was due t the trasprt sectr uti apprxiativey 56 years ag ad w (201718) they are cser t e third (eary 30.5% i 2016 accrdig t the AspeEe dcuets) aiy as a resut f the reativey recet reducti i ipact assciated with idustries services ad buidigs.I particuar i 2014 95.1% f the GHG eissis reated t fue cbusti i the trasprt sectr had bee geerated by rad trasprt 1.8% by iad avigati 1.7% by iad aviati ad 0.1% by raiways this vaue (95.1%) ay be reduced if air trasprt is csidered i a differet way that is t y icudig iad aviati sice it ca accut fr apprxiatey 13% 7].
The carb dixide eissi rate reated t the suppy f the whe trasprt sectr des t fw exacty the sae spe as the dead fr biity ad gistics (trasprt f gds) 8] sice i spite f havig a ipact it is sighty atteuated thas t the peetrati f aturay eectrified eas such as trais udergruds autated pepe vers (by rpe r by rai) i the trasprt suppy ad by iprveets i the efficiecy f pwertrais.
Fr a picy pit f view accrdig t these preises ad the geera ctext the prti f the peetrati f aterative fues ad eergy carriers -bviusy icudig eectricity -is usefu i the trasprt sectr thus supprtig ad ehacig the eed fr ew ifrastructures arcs f the eectric grid ad des fr rechargig r refueig wheever usefu are ag thse that ay be csidered usefu.
We eed t g it re detai hwever t baace the effects f this igrati twards the eectrificati f the presety ueectrified trasprt des aey rad trasprt but as -as far as pssibe -the air rai ad waterway des.
T achieve sustaiabiity i this sectr st techgicay evved cutries have prted a series f reguatis i a attept t iduce a strategic chage i the trasprtati paraa i the EU fr exape Reguati 3972013UE 9] requires a reducti i the average C2 eissis due t the perati f ew autbies t as w as 95 g by the ed f 2020.This is surey a chaegig target that ipses the itrducti f ew paradigs ad ew techgies t the scee.The ipact f trasprt systes i Eurpe is ast 510% greater tha the wrd average (estiated as 20.42% i 2003 ad eary 27% i 2013) due t the presece f a arger average trised biity tha i ther ctiets.Eurpe shws variabiity i the ipact f trasprt csupti  the vera fia vaues reprted fr the differet cutries.

Constraints on transport systems in this first half of the twenty-first century
It is w ecessary t csider the fra cstraits recety ipsed  trasprt systes fcussig  the Eurpea es  i geera   urba puti   the auttive area.et us start with the 2011 editi f the White B  Trasprt ad fr this csider the eergetic ad evireta factrs i the trasprt fied.
The 402727 bective was itrduced i 2014 at a Eurpea eve whereby the EU eaders agreed t pursue a reducti i greehuse gasses by at east 40% fr reewabe eergies withi 2030 cpared t 1990 ad by at east 27% fr eergy savigs withi 2030 cpared t 2014 at a sige cutry eve.I 2018 this triad f bectives was icreased t 403232.5.
I accrdace with Radap 2050 ccerig eergy csupti ad greehuse gas eissis i rder t achieve a picy f cpetitive ad sustaiabe trasprt a part f the White B is rietated twards the defiiti f the st ecgicay respsibe behaviur by cities i rder t achieve gd practices that cud favur a reducti i greehuse gas eissis by eas f a idepedece f urba biity fr crude i This eas the hybridisati f egies (pwertrais) ad the eectrificati -but t y -f vehices the use f aterative des t thse currety widespread cvetia idividua trised trasprt des such as cea pubic trasprt sft biity (e.g. pedestria ad cycist) ad shared services r shared biity (e.g. carpig car sharig sctersharig biesharig etc.).
Secdy the Eurpea reguatis (Directive 200850EC  Abiet air quaity ad ceaer air fr Eurpe)  the quaity f air are based  specific pricipes.The first f these pricipes fresees that the eber States shud divide the territry it es ad aggeratis fr which a evauati f the eves f air puti shud be ade fr each usig epirica easureet systes des r ther techiques.Wheever the easured eves exceed the threshd vaues ipsed by the EU a Air Quaity Pa ust be draw up that is a prgrae that has the purpse f guarateeig the reducti f these vaues t bew such threshds.rever a the ifrati regardig the quaity f air ust be cuicated t the pubic rgaisatis i charge.
As far as the eissis geerated by trasprt systes are ccered it is iprtat t uderie the differece betwee gba aspects (aaysis scae f carb dixide eissis) ad ca aspects (e.g. chages i the ciate at a regia scae a urba scae etc.) 1. Gba aspects cected t a WetWhee aaysis.I this ctext the ca adiistrative scae des t have uch eeway ther tha payig atteti t the fact that ca chices i favur f a reducti f C2 eissis shud be ade by aaysig the vera eergy chai at the pit i which ew eergy surces (e.g. eectric batteries r hydrge as a cbustibe eergy vectr) are itrduced r favured.Reewabe surces pay a ey re i such a eviret 2. ca aspects cected t TatWhee efficiecy specific itervetis which are re viabe at a regia ad at a uicipaity eve are avaiabe i this fied athugh it is ecessary t csider a. the eissis fr trasprt systes tae as a whe (cbusti eissis but as eissis derived fr the wear f braes ad tyres fr the dust raised because f the wear f rad surfaces that have t bee prpty reewed etc.) b. teperature iversi ad stac effects i urba evirets with respect t the puti f the surrudig areas c. the accuuati f putats fr trways urba rigs rads etc. d. the heatig f buidigs.

Fig. 9. General aims of the EU in terms of energy and environment
Fiay (the third Eurpea cstrait) the Eurpea Cuity fixed the eves f perfrace pertaiig t eissis fr ewy aufactured autbies ad ightduty cercia vehices i EU Reguati 443 ad 5102009.
Reguati 4432009 9] defied the fwig bectives fr ew autbies a ea iit f 130 gC2 startig fr 2015 (the iit was aready i frce i 2012 ad was the prgressivey exteded t higher percetages f autbies) a further reducti f 10gC2 ust sti be attaied thrugh the adpti f specific easures reative t the cditiig systes  bard t the itrig f the pressure f the tyres t the adpti f w rig resistace tyres ad t a icrease i the use f bifues it has as bee prgraed that the ea eve f eissis fr autbies that has t be respected shud desced t 95 g f C2 startig fr 202021.Istead Reguati 5102011 fixed the iit t 175gC2 fr ightduty cercia vehices startig fr 2017 ad this shud be further reduced t 147 gC2  startig fr 202021.These are iits that shud be csidered tgether with the stadards aed Eur which reguate the eissis f the ai putats such as ad i particuar itric xides.The Eur 6 iits (Reguati 7152007) fr autbies ad vas have bee appied startig fr 2014 ad iibuses ad rries weighig up t 12 tes uti the ed f 2018.The EU has as started t itrduce bectives fr heavyduty vehices fr 2025 the average C2 eissis fr ew rries wi have t be 15% wer tha thse f 2019.A idicative reducti target f at east 30% cpared t 2019 has bee prpsed fr 2030.
These targets are csistet with the EU's citets uder the Paris Agreeet ad wi aw trasprt cpaies -sty SEs -t btai sigificat savigs thas t wer fue csupti 13].
I rder t aw fr further C2 reductis the Cissi is aig it easier t desig re aerdyaic trucs ad is iprvig the abeig f tyres.It is as puttig frward a cprehesive acti pa fr batteries that wi hep create a cpetitive ad sustaiabe battery "ecsyste" i Eurpe.
A this -aias the pursuit f a greater partia idepedece fr crude i 402727 ad the 403232.5the reducti f putats i urba areas the respect f the eissi iits f cars -eas that the accessibe ad ecic itegratedcrdiated uti daity r cdaity biity ay ve iterest i the use f private cars t aterative eas f trasprt ad i part thas t the spread f vehices that ca use eectric tracti i urba areas favur prgraes agaist the egative effects f the preset trasprt systes  urba ctexts ad  the eviret.
Rad pricig picies if crrecty paed ca tae it csiderati effective iterveti easures based  direct crreatis betwee extera effects  traffic ad the vehice fws that prduce the.

Expected transport solutions for urban contexts
As shw i the first secti st veets i urba evirets tae pace ver ediushrt distaces ad fr this reas vehices with eectric tracti (t ecessariy pure eectric vehices) ca be a vaid aterative t thse egies that y have itera cbusti except i the case f ger distaces (abve fr exape 70100 ietres) ver which eectric vehices are t abe t guaratee the fexibiity required f private vehices fr the varius pssibe ecessities.
The higher acquisiti price ad re iited drivig auty tha i vehices equipped y with itera cbusti egies the greater tie required fr chargig the vehices cpared t refiig with cbustibe fues ad the restricted avaiabiity f rechargig pits utside urba areas are as pits that ipede the spread f pure eectric vehices.
 the ther had the refiig f battery chargig techiques whether cductive r iductive heps supprt the desig ad spread f hybrid vehices which apart fr direct rechargig (pugi r ctactess) fresee the use f a edtheric egie (fte with reduced cyider capacity r dwsiig ad biuti fues) ad which tgether with a eectric battery egie aws the st suitabe type f tracti t be chse fr the drivig situati ad rechargig t be cducted idepedety thus represetig a idustria pprtuity.
It is pssibe t state that faced with the gig techgica prgress hybrid adr pure eectric vehices wi bece a vaid aterative t traditia vehices ver tie  cditi that the suppy eergy ces i a egigibe easure fr reewabe surces ad that the prbe f the dispsa r reuse (secd ife) f the accuuatrs is addressed ad resved.
These eeets are fudaeta t a better uderstadig f where ad whe it wi be pssibe t affect the trasprt f pepe thrugh eergetic efficiecy ad thrugh reductis i eissis i the varius des f grud trasprt i rder t ffer the preises f such des f trasprt i Eurpe eve thrugh a future idustria ad abve a ca prducti.
A re fr gree trasprt thus eerges that is a re that is shared (pubic trasprt vehices fas it this categry as d pure sutis -f uch ess capacity -such as car sharig) cected ad directed twards -fr as uch as it is usefu ad pssibe -drivig auty i which Turi ad Piedt pay a ey re.e exape f attractive pubic trasprt is the autatic udergrud syste i Turi the Va autatic udergrud syste i Turi accuted fr 7 ii passegersyear i 2006 i the year f its iaugurati ad 41 ii i 2015 -a gd sig t say the east.

The expected solutions for extraurban transport systems
The ew Eurpea picies -startig with the White B f Trasprt f 2011 -are therefre pushig twards a either tta r partia da trasfer (c daity ad iterdaity) fr rad t raiway.The raiway wi thus regai the atteti it st i the past but  ccasi wi require techgica adaptati t y fr the rig stc but as fr the ifrastructure ad the ctr ad sigaig systes.
As far as the extraurba eviret is ccered atteti is i fact here fcused  raiway trasprt havig aready faced the evuti f rad vehices i the previus sectis.Raiways have itte by itte st iprtace i the trasprt f gds cpared t rad trasprt ver the ast few decades  because the trasprt f the heavy aterias -that accpaied the era f arge urbaisati the devepet f idustria factry pats ad trway ifrastructures (1950s t 1980s) -bega t fa  but as because there was  reewa f the raiway stc directed twards awig the trasprt f thse gds that require a ctred teperature such as refrigerated gds ad a thse prducts fr which a verificati f the physicacheica paraeters durig veet is required.This id f traffic ca y be satisfied by particuar sutis that resrt t carriages with eectric geeratrs r isuated crates but hwever aways with specific sutis ad  ccasi which are y suitabe fr brief trips i rder t t cprise the adiabatic capacity f the isuated r refrigeratig crates.
The capacity f the raiway sectr t attract traffic ca tday be reached thrugh the use f freight trais -pssiby with as ay as 35 carriages f a egth f 750  -with utipe tracti distributed pwer ad sige eectrified carriages i rder t as guaratee the trasprt f gds at ctred teperatures ad with eectric braig cads aways f a peuatic type  each sige carriage.
The egtheig f trais t 750  is a Eurpea request that is aiy aied at a reducti f the uit csts prvided f curse that the trai is fu.This techgica eap wud therefre as aw trais with 35 carriages t be assebed with sustaied speeds (120140 h) ad withut excessive ccetrated pwer prbes -as ccurs with traditia ctives -ad presuaby icpatibe with tripe tracti i that the pwer is distributed ag the trai as i the case f the ETR passeger trai.The rechargig tie f a cpressed air ta wud be uch ess the carriages wud be idividuay retey diagsabe (axes axe E3S Web of Conferences 119, 00018 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911900018Science and the Future 2 bxes ad braig systes) i that they cud be edwed with sesrs cected t a eectric cuicati etwr  bard a very iprtat requireet sice such trais wud use highspeed ies.Fiay the gds cud be bth cservabe (fr fd prducts ad thers) ad easiy itred especiay fr particuary g trips.
As far as the trasprt f pepe is ccered the attractiveess that high speed has geerated is uequivca -athugh aways guarateeig quaity safety ad efficiecy f the service.ust a few ubers are sufficiet as a exape a) 240 traisday -a ie that is i fact cse t saturati -tday  average  the st used stretch f the ysParis highspeed ie which was iaugurated i 1982 with 7.2 ii traveersyear becae 44.4 ii i 2017 b) The Turiia highspeed ie with 7 pairs f weeday trais i Deceber 2009 whe it was iaugurated ad with 28 cupes fr Treitaia ad 21 fr TV i Septeber 2018 ad geeray with very high ccupacy eves.It is therefre easy t reca that a cpetitive trasprt ffer is aways abe t attract the dead ad the reative traffic.
Figure 12 shws the axiu speed recrds -which f curse d t represet the peratia speed ag the raiway ies  that have bee reached by trais sice the begiig f their histry.6 Conclusions: technological solutions that can be expected according to the premises, and which are therefore compliant with the present and expected environmental constraints and goals Usurprisigy the eas used t trasprt pepe ad freight have evved t a great extet ver the ast 100  150 years histrica eeds ad urba devepet have ed huas t first use ad expit aias ad the trised vehices i rder t sigificaty icrease the speed f veet.Sice this speed has icreased it has as bee ecessary fr the space path t icrease prprtiay t the speed i rder t aitai a cstat average "trave tie budget" which fr the tie beig has bee csidered e hur per day.This ccept ca be sipified by csiderig that pepe geeray trave ay re ietres tha i the past at higher speeds but the sae aut f tie per day is dedicated t vig fr ay ad varied reass.Fr exape rai trasprt which has ivested a great dea f fuds i raisig speeds sice the 1970s bth by icreasig speed itsef  existig ies thrugh the itrducti f titig trais ad by cstructig ad hc ies fr high speed trais has icreased traffic ad earged its area f ifuece t 600800 s as arger distaces are cvered at higher speeds i apa Frace Geray Itay Spai ad i ther cutries 15].
A iit t the icrease i the speed f cars -a icrease t which the diffusi f highways ad trways ed aiy durig the 1960s1990s -ca w be assciated with gas f higher safety ad i se cases with the spread f ITS appicatis fr idetifyig ifrigeets f speed iits eve i the absece f pice frces.
As previusy etied the trasprt sectr is aiy characterised by the use f distributed eergy vehices with the excepti i geera ters f thse systes which perate  tracs r fixed istaatis such as raiways udergruds cabeways 16] ad autated pepe vers.I st cases the eergy surce is cbusted directy i egies bard vehices -be they  rad sea iad waterways r airthat are prvided with a fue ta.The shift fr such a syste t e characterised by partiay r ttay eectricaypwered vehices which use eectricity -geerated as uch as pssibe thrugh reewabe surces -wud prduce a strg decarbisati f the whe trasprt sectr with severa reated effects aiy  the eviret ad ecics ag with se issues that eed t be carefuy tae it csiderati fr the scia ad t se extet ecic pit f view.
We ay therefre evisage 1.A Eurpea rai etwr ade up f ediuarge sie cities i a hierarchica EU cda etwr -egacities bur ad ad depreciate aready used ad -Stppig the use f ad fr cstructi whie varisig urba heritage

Fig. 2 .Figure 3
Fig. 2. Internet users per 100 inhabitants [Data source: elaborated on the basis of the International Telecommunications Union] Figure 3 aws us istead t bserve the tred f passeger• by private cars i tw cutries Geray ad Frace.These tw cutries have bee chse as a represetative sape f part f the deveped wrd.The tred fuctis that best defie the situati are garithic.

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Idle time after finishing a trip for all the driving cycles.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Idle time after finishing a trip in an urban driving cycle.

Fig. 7 .
Fig. 7. Relationships of transport systems with their energy usage and impact of the environmentThe EU appears deteried t tace the eergy issues pertaiig t trasprt sustaiabiity its White Paper Radap t a Sige Eurpea Trasprt Area  Twards a cpetitive ad resurce efficiet trasprt syste" 10] targets abitius bectives ccerig idepedece fr crude i ad the utiisati f techgies i its pursuit i ie with Hri 2020.The USA has as tae sigificat steps (idicativey i 20122018) twards idepedece fr crude i fr tracti ad the prpusi f trasprt systes.I 2016 apa decared it was wiig t reduce carb dixide eissis fr trasprt usage.I 2011 the White B  Trasprt Systes reprted a figure f 96% i the EU a figure that has reduced t 9394% i recet years (94% i EU28 i 2016).These vaues icude capita expeditures fr exape apprxiativey 67.4 bii Eurs (a reevat aut which is btaied by suig the widey spread sa refueig at petr statis) -eary 30 f which is fr idustria cpets -fr Itaia drivers each year i 201220132014 this vaue was wer i 20142015 because f the reducti i cst per barre f crude i ad f csupti if the vera aut is reduced by the idustria cpet the reaiig part is aiy assciated with taxes (excises) absrbed by the Gveret.Accrdig t Eurstat 11] the ipact f trasprt systes i Eurpe (EU25)  the vera eergy csupti i EU cutries resuted t be equa t 30.7% i 2004 such a vaue grew t apprxiatey 32% (2006) ad t 33% (2008) i the fwig years (EIA

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Constraints introduced by Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe together with the related thresholds Fr cparis purpses it shud be ted that the whe trasprtati syste accuted fr ast 70% f crude i use i the USA fr 2008 t 2014 ad had a ipact f 28%  the tta eergy use i the USA 8 12].The aswer t the questi What d biity ad gistics require tday ca therefre be sythesised i the fwig fur ites which are derived directy fr the eergy ad eviretay reated csideratis abve ad fr the previus sectis i particuar pertaiig t the itegrati f trasprt ad tiess cuicati as we as the prfitabe use f the tie spet traveig A. Gree (hybridisati decarbisati eectrificati ad weused pubic trasprt) B. Cected vehices ad fexibe da chice C. Assisted drivig D. Trasprt systes peratig  fixed guideways.

Fig. 12 .
Fig. 12. Records and maximum train speeds wadays further icreases i rai speeds frequety see t be iited by territries -i.e. the actua distaces betwee cities that ca tae advatage f the icrease i speed -ad by the eed t seect arge r iprtat cities whe settig up ew etwr braches thus seties betrayig r bypassig saer r ediusied urba cetres.Techica cstraits as seties pay a re fr exape the wear f rais eergy absrpti r safety reass reated t trai dyaics 14].