Strengthening of the Formal Complementary Paddy Seeding System and Informal to Fulfill Demand of Quality Paddy Seeds and to Develop Seed Farming Business in West Java

. The era of seed commercialization with agribusiness perspective is marked by the stipulation of Government Regulation No. 22/191. However, in general the stipulation of the government regulation has not been able to provide quality paddy seeds according to farmers' needs and instead the paddy production tends to be stagnant. In very difficult conditions to carry out intensification and conversion of agricultural land that continues to suppress food production, the position and function of quality paddy seeds becomes very strategic in the increasing production, therefore, quality paddy seeds must be available enough for all farmers. The current problems in the supply of quality paddy seeds from the formal channel, among others: lack of cooperation between institutions and weak supervision. Under these conditions the role of informal paddy seeds is large enough to support paddy production so that West Java paddy production can be met according to the targets set. Therefore, solutions should be found in the supply of quality paddy seeds, not only through formal channels, but also through informal channels. This study uses descriptive analysis to formulate institutional strengthening of formal and informal complementary paddy seed systems to increase production and income of paddy farmers in West Java.


PREFACE
Paddy is the main food for the majority of the population. As a strategic commodity, its availability must always be sufficient to be able to meet the food needs of rice for the Indonesian population. Because its availability is targeted to always be able to meet the needs, it needs to be supported with production inputs, one of which is quality paddy seeds. The position of quality paddy seeds is very strategic in increasing paddy production. Seed quality will determine the applied quality of technology and management [1].
Since the stipulation of Government Regulation No. 22/1971, formal paddy seeds have been provided by the Government through PT Sang Hyang Sri and PT Pertani. However, through the flow of business entities, it has not been able to guarantee the availability of paddy seeds according to farmers' needs. The problems are, among others: 1) weak cooperation between institutions dealing with seeds, and 2) weak supervision of the circulation of certified seeds. The lack of supply of quality paddy seeds to farmers, has led to rice production in these two decades tend to be stagnant. Under these conditions the role of informal paddy seeds is still quite large and if the quality of informal paddy seeds is improved it is not impossible that West Java paddy production can be improved and can always meet the targets set.
The description of the problems above, it is necessary to find a solution in the supply of quality paddy seeds, not only through formal channels that have always been intensified, but also through informal channels. Providing quality paddy seeds through informal channels is very possible, in addition to regulatory support, informal paddy seeds have adapted to the local environment, and experience states that their productivity is not much difference from the productivity of paddy seeds produced from formal channels.
This study uses secondary data (series) of rice production, and West Java paddy seeds and relevant references. The data, and references are then elaborated descriptively to formulate a coordinated model of supplying quality paddy seeds at the farmer's level in six ways: right variety, right amount, right quality, right location, right time, and right price.

Paddy fields
Paddy fields are the main component supporting paddy production whose existence must be maintained and added so that paddy production can be provided sustainably. Paddy fields in West Java covering area of 1,010,938 hectares, consisting of irrigated paddy fields covering 827,134 hectares (81. 82%) and nonirrigated paddy fields covering 183,804 hectares (18. 18%). Thus, paddy production is mostly produced from irrigated paddy fields. At present, the position of paddy fields is increasingly threatened, because it is converted to non-agricultural land. On the other hand, the implementation of intensification through the printing of new paddy fields faces many obstacles, so that additional paddy fields each year are insignificant compared to the area of converted paddy fields. As a result, paddy fields are rapidly decreasing and narrower.

Production of lowland paddy
West Java Region is divided into 27 Regencies / Cities, based on Location Quotient (LQ) analysis using data on production of lowland paddy in 2011-2016, there are 15 Districts / Cities as the basis for lowland paddy production (LQ > 1) whose production in addition to meeting paddy needs for its region can also contribute to meet the needs of paddy for other regions [2].  West Java lowland paddy production of 11,419,829 tons per year. From the paddy production, 7,307,397 tons of rice are produced per year. Rice produced is mostly needed to meet a population consumption. With a population of 44,987,310 people, and a level of rice consumption of 114.6 kg per capita per year, 5,155,546 tons per year of rice are needed for consumption in West Java. From this calculation, rice production in West Java had a surplus of 2,151,851 tons per year.

LAND AND PADDY SEED PRODUCTION
Quality paddy seeds should be available enough for farmers. In addition to determining the life of plants, seed quality is one of the determinants of output growth [14]. Based on the hierarchy of paddy seeds consisting of: 1) Nucleas seed (NS) is White Label seed, 2) Breder seed / BS Seed is Yellow Label seed, 3) Foundation seed (FS) is a Label seed White, 4) Stock seed (SS) is a Purple Label seed, and 5) Extention seed (ES) is a Blue Label seed. Paddy seeds produced in West Java include BS, FS, SS and ES class paddy seeds. BS class paddy seeds are produced and will be propagated into FS class paddy seeds, FS class paddy seeds will be propagated into SS class paddy seeds, and then SS class paddy seeds will be propagated into ES class paddy seeds. ES class paddy seed is produced the most because it will be used to produce consumption grain. ES class paddy seeds may not be used to produce lower or equal seed classes, but only for consumption purposes. [15].

Area of seed production land
The FS class paddy seed production area is 337.87 hectares, SS class is 5,487.63 hectares, and ES class is 12,568.54 hectares. The growth of paddy seed production land area tends to fluctuate with the production performance tends to be unstable, at certain times has increased and at other times has decreased. The reason for this condition because the demand for paddy seeds is very much determined by: 1) how much consumer / distributor orders, and the need for paddy seeds to fulfill government programs, 2) the uptake of the use of new certified paddy seeds at each planting season is still low due to the use of paddy seeds only by most farmers after two planting seasons and even more. [16] states that if the price difference between grain, and seed prices is too large, and farmers have not obtained convincing evidence about the superior quality of the seeds of a variety, farmers will be very careful to buy the seeds.
Besides being determined by the demand, and absorption character, there are several other factors that affect formal paddy seed uptake, namely: 1) informal paddy seed is believed by most farmers to have a high adaptability because it has been tested with the local environment, and its productivity is not much difference from certified paddy seeds, and 2) the use of informal paddy seeds is often linked to a belief in information and experience of fellow farmers, or to the results that have been experienced by farmers themselves.
In the period of 2008-2017, the average production of formal paddy seed: FS class was 817.16 tons, SS class was 11,594.82 tons, and ES class was 28,715.84 tons. Production of FS, SS, and ES class paddy seeds in 2016, is the largest production compared to production in previous years, and paddy seed production in 2017. Source: [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Many of the formal paddies seeds produced in West Java include: Ciherang, Mekongga and Inpari 30 (Table 3). Paddy seeds of the Ciherang variety are the most sought after seeds. Some factors that support this, are: 1) farmers' tastes (71%), 2) production (52%), 3) land area (58%), 4) land suitability (78%) [27]. [28] highlighted the main reasons farmers chose the Ciherang variety: a) high grain yields, b) good rice flavor, and c) slim grain form, and d) high rice prices. The choice of farmers to Ciherang paddy seeds and certain preferred varieties of paddy seeds indicates that farmers' preferences are a determining factor in the implementation of paddy seed production. Not only at high target yields, but taste, shape, and price are the most important factors to consider.

Potential of local paddy seeds
As an agricultural area, West Java has the potential of diverse local paddy seed resources that can be used as a part of the supply of quality paddy seeds. Some local paddy varieties is even preferred because seeds are always available and are more resistant to pests and diseases. The distinctive taste of rice and high consumer demand, and a high selling prices also strengthen the perception of farmers to grow local paddy varieties.
[30], mentions that local paddy varieties is known as paddy seeds produced from the informal sector paddy seed system that has existed and is cultivated for generations by the farmers and belongs to the community and is controlled by the state. Local paddy seed resources in several areas in West Java, among others [31, 32]: Bongong varieties (Indramayu), Serendet (Karawang), Pandan Wangi and Beureum Seungit (Cianjur), and Mentik (Subang).

Needs and availability of paddy seeds
Captive breeding and propagation of paddy seeds in West Java are held in 18 regencies / cities by 199 breeders / producers with potential captive land of 13,870 hectares per year and potential candidates for paddy seeds produced by 56,232 tons per year. The paddy seedlings / producers consist of: 1) Individuals, 2) Business Entities, 3) Source Seed Management Unit (UPBS) at the Institute Assessment for Agricultural Technology, and 4) UPTD Paddy Seed Hall owned by Provincial and Regency / City Governments. The pattern of captive breeding / production of certified paddy seeds is mostly done with a partnership (83. 33%) and independent business (16. 67%) and paddy seed production is carried out Based on orders from distributors, local governments, farm stalls, and other breeders with marketing targets namely: a) in the regency / city area (8. 22%), b) in the province (46. 55%), and c) outside the province (45. 23%). The pattern of captive breeding and propagation of paddy seeds also contributed as a reason so far only some formal paddy seeds have been accepted by farmers, and many farmers still use their own production of paddy seeds. According to [33] farm saved seed are referred to as seeds produced from seeding in the informal sector.
Based on the area of paddy fields that can be planted with paddy and the average volume of paddy seed use of 25 kg per hectare, the need for paddy seeds to produce consumption paddy is 25,273.45 tons per year, consisting of 20,678.35 tons per year of paddy seeds for land irrigated paddy fields and 4,595,095 tons per year of paddy seeds for non-irrigated paddy fields (Table 6).
Farmers' habits in paddy production mostly use SS and ES class paddy seeds. Assuming the number of certified paddy seeds received by farmers is 35 percent, every year in West Java there is a deficit of the availability of quality paddy seeds on average by 11,164.72 tons per year.

THE CONCEPT OF A COMPLEMENTARY MODEL OF THE PADDY SEED INDUSTRY
The condition of deficit quality paddy seeds experienced by West Java, confirms that the era of seed commercialization with agribusiness perspective in Indonesia has not succeeded in providing quality seeds for all farmers. Therefore, solutions are needed to supply quality seeds not only through formal channels, but also through informal channels. Efforts to increase the role of paddy seed in the informal sector are needed, because this sector plays a significant role in the supply of seeds [34].
The relevance of developing an informal paddy seed system is the implementation of the provisions in varieties of breeding results for smallholder food crops compulsory registered by the authorized office in the field of food crops, and d) local variety seed production can be carried out by the farmers, farmer groups, or farmer groups combined after obtaining a recommendation from the Regional Technical Services Unit (Unit Pelayanan Teknis Daerah/UPTD), owning or controlling land and seed processing facilities.
Other considerations in the development of informal paddy seed systems, are: (1) most of the use / application of paddy seeds by farmers in paddy fields are adhered to by the principles of informal relations that take place with adherence to social capital that has been built and applies for a long time to the local community; (2) the sizable contribution of farmers 'seed networks in the seed delivery shows that they currently serve farmers' needs quite well, and can benefit regarding choice, accessibility, costs, and noneconomic utility (for example, social value); (3) farmers' seed networks can provide quality planting material that is acceptable to farmers [35]; (4) that farmers' networks can maintain morphological characteristics and improved yield varieties for several seasons [36]; (5) farmer networks generally supply materials valued by the farmers, including varieties with traits not produced by formal breeding (such as tolerance of typical local stresses, or certain organoleptic qualities; [37,38] or neglected plants by formal research; (6) there is a plenty of room to improve quality in farmers networks, because the quality of formal seeds can also be poor due to improper standards or weak enforcement of regulations [39]; (7) The government will not be able to provide all certified paddy seeds or seeds needed by the farmers through the formal sector paddy seed industry, at any time; and (8) Agroecosystem and Sociocultural diversity cannot be fully managed by the formal sector paddy seed system. The paddy seed system can even vary greatly between plants in one, farm [28].
The research results of [28] in North Sumatra (Batubara, Serdang Bedagai and Simalungun Regencies) illustrates that regarding strengthening the informal paddyseed system, some efforts are still needed to improve the quality of informal paddy seeds, namely: a) the adequacy of skilled and certified human resources and b) application of superior technology, including: a) cultivation / production, b) processing, c) packaging and storage after harvesting and d) distribution of seeds to farmers.
The concept of strengthening the informal paddy seed system through a coordinated model of supplying quality paddy seeds at the farm level is six precisely, starting from two challenges in the seed supply, namely: 1) weak contraction between institutions and 2) weak supervision. The concept to be developed is to place the informal paddy seed system as a complementary to the formal paddy seed system through the input-process-output management stage in consideration of the potential and capability of informal paddy seed resources in West Java. The management stages is as described below.  Input stages: aim to ensure the sustainability of production. In the formal paddy seedling system, it is needed: regulations, Germplasm, seed sources of new varieties location-specific / preferred by farmers, researchers, extension workers, supervisors of plant seeds (PBT), facilities and infrastructure, as well as budgets. Then in the informal paddy seed system it is needed: regulation, Germplasm, seed sources of local superior varieties, certified skilled / trained farmers, facilities and infrastructures, as well as the budget. Institutional strengthening in the informal paddy seed system is empowering, by making planned changes with the goal of forming a reliable group in the supply of quality paddy seeds. Planning in institution is carried out Based on mutual agreement and carried out consciously and seriously by the members who are attached to local wisdom relations sharing, sharing roles, beliefs and shared responsibilities. Thus, the institution that was built was not merely a collection of individuals [40].
In addition to institutional strengthening in the informal paddy seed system, cooperation and partnerships with institutions in the formal seed system is also established. Cooperation and partnerships are needed to strengthen the interconnection and coordination in the implementation of superior knowledge and technology transfer functions to farmer groups. Superior knowledge and technology transferred, including: a) breeding, b) cultivation / production, c) processing, d) packaging and storage after harvest, e) distribution, and f) quality control.  Output Stages: activity output is the establishment of formal and informal complementary paddy seed system as a service unit of a reliable farmer group in the supply of quality paddy seeds with six appropriate for farmer groups in their environment.  Fig. 2

FARM INCOME
The development of complementary synergy between the formal and informal rice seed system is expected to be sufficient to supply quality rice seeds for all farmers and provide farming benefits. The results of farming analysis state that rice seed farms that apply superior rice varieties provide benefits and consumption rice farming that applies new improved varieties and local rice varieties provide benefits.

Conclusion
The conclusions of this study were:  In addition to weak, ties between institutions and weak supervision in the supply of quality paddy seeds, several other problems that accompany them are the decreasing number of paddy fields, and paddy production which tends to be stagnant.
 Institutional strengthening of formal and informal seed systems can be done through the empowerment of farmer groups Based on mutual agreement and bonded with local wisdom relations that apply in the community.  Complementary models of formal and informal paddy seed systems in the form of institutional coordination with the aim of carrying out the function of transfer of knowledge and technology to farmer groups to be able to provide six quality paddy seeds appropriately.

Recommendations
Complementary models of formal and informal paddy seed systems are needed to provide quality paddy seeds for all farmers. Therefore, policy support, human resources, budget, infrastructure and facilities are needed so that the knowledge and technology of paddy seedlings can be immediately mastered by the farmer groups. With the availability of farmers who are skilled / trained and certified in the seed technology will be built management of reliable quality paddy seed production at the scale of farmer groups and the availability of sustainable quality paddy seeds.