White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Based Agroindustry Through Recirculating Aquaculture System to Increase Competitiveness

White shrimp is one of potential aquaculture products and economically valuable. Because of the business prospect, a lot of fish farmers take place the agroindustry as well as providing white shrimp cultivation. Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS) is a method for cultivating white shrimp in order to increase the production of shrimp in limited aquaculture environment. The purpose of this study is to discuss how to increase competitiveness of agroindustry based white shrimp culture. In order to increase white shrimp culture competitiveness there are two ways should be provided: introduction RAS cultivation technology, and RAS cultivation management. This study obtained the result that indicates RAS cultivation technology can be applied for white shrimp fish farmers with optimum density is 400 shrimp/m, 1.13 of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and 70% of Survival Rate (SR). Industrial management should be considered to support aquaculture such as product, raw material, cultivation process, marketing, and financial.


Introduction
The cultivation of white shrimp in Yogyakarta is getting bigger since the opportunity of white shrimp as one of the leading commodities which has high selling price and market share. White shrimp cultivation without enough knowledge of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP) tends to decrease quality of product and environment. This phenomenon gives serious impact to develop white shrimp cultivation.
The cultivation of white shrimp is still facing some problems. The main problems are the issues of environmental and lack of land availability. White shrimp has low competitiveness due to relatively wide land needs, that the main constraint is lack of sufficient land. Land availability for white shrimp cultivation should be suitable to Yogyakarta Special Region Government Planning. [1] described that the decline in white shrimp farming land is influenced by conversion of cultivation land into residential area and industrial estate development.
Agroindustry based-white shrimp culture also gives negative impact for environment. In order to avoid such environmental issues, the farmers should apply for GAP. Moreover, [2] explained that GAP application in white shrimp farming in Yogyakarta is 62.24%. It means that 37.76% the practices are still out of standard. The cultivation technology to get optimum *Corresponding authors: didik@ugm.ac.id FCR, SR, and density are remaining problem. RAS becomes an alternative to solve those problems.
White shrimp cultivation in Yogyakarta is mainly located in southern part such in Bantul District and Kulonprogo District. The farmers develop an association of shrimp farmer with the main purposes is to develop better GAP application for better production. It is in line with the policy of Yogyakarta Special Region Government that using 4K approach. The approach means that 4 stakeholders should be involved in production development. They are: (1) Kraton (Royal Palace), (2) Kampus (University), (3) Kaprajan (Regional Government), and (4) Kampung (The farmers).
The purpose of this paper is to discuss and develop on how to increase competitiveness of white shrimp business through 4K approach. This paper will provide a guidance for GAP implementation for white shrimp business and give an insight of white shrimp cultivation management.

Materials
This research was conducted by using two types of data, primary and secondary data. The data are collected by field observation using a document investigation, focus group discussion by interview and questionnaire. Primary data was collected through observation and discussion with white shrimp farmers in Samas, Srigading, Sanden, and Bantul area together with the representatives from Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace, University, and Yogyakarta Special Region Government Office. Secondary data were collected from previous research report, journal, and statistical data from the government.

Research Method
This research was conducted through a systematic descriptive qualitative approach. It started with identifying the real problems and challenges of white shrimp cultivation through stakeholder Focus Group Discussion (FGD) approach. The result from the FGD then analyzed to be applied in RAS cultivation technology and RAS cultivation management for farmers. RAS cultivation technology was done through statistical experiments with density 200, 300, 400, and 500 shrimps/m 3 . Parameters to be measured are daily growth rate, SR, and FCR. RAS cultivation management was done through functions of industrial approach, they are: product design, raw material management, transformation process, marketing, industrial relations, and internal management.

Data Analysis
Data analysis was conducted to identify the facts, to formulate the problems, to get to the business process of white shrimp cultivation, and to develop its competitiveness. Figure 1 described the framework of how to increase white shrimp competitiveness. The data then analyzed through descriptive qualitative.

The importance of GAP implementation.
To increase the competitiveness of white shrimp culture in Yogyakarta means to solve the main problems which are: the availability of land and environmental issues. Based on fish farmers practices, there are three ways to cultivate white shrimp: (1) traditional way with different shrimp size and low SR; (2) semi-intensive way with cultural development and selffeed production; and (3) intensive way with various aquaculture technology. RAS cultivation belongs to the intensive way. RAS cultivation technology needs only less size of land. It is also easier to control in environmental wise. RAS cultivation technology certainly needs farmers to apply the GAP requirements.
Moreover, [2] explained that the implementation of GAP for white shrimp in Yogyakarta is now reach up to 62.24%. The GAP requirements cover 10 parameters: site selection, construction lay-out and design, selection aquaculture site/method, biosecurity, fingerlings selection, shrimp feed management, the use of the probiotic, the use of disinfectant, harvesting method, and harvesting equipment. Theoretically, white shrimp competitiveness will increase if fish farmers implement all of 10 parameters during the rearing period.

RAS Cultivation Technology
As described above that RAS is one of the intensive aquaculture techniques to solve the land availability problem. [3] concluded that the production of white shrimp cultivation can be conducted through semi-intensive or intensive system as well as RAS cultivation technology. The advantages of using RAS can be described by comparing with some various white shrimp cultivation technologies. [4] described that white shrimp aquaculture can be conducted by different cultivation technology in 4 kinds of ponds. Pond 1 is intensive pond with the same spot for inlet and outlet and using blower aerator. Pond 2 is using water changing and giving vitamin during the cultivation period. Pond 3 is semi-floc with probiotic application. Pond 4 is biofloc technology which zero waste system that is no change of water during the rearing period. It can be concluded that the growth of shrimp performance depends on the cultivation technology applied. Survival Rate and FCR can be different depending on the cultivation technology. The application of RAS cultivation technology in Yogyakarta can be explained in Fig. 2  RAS cultivation is designed with filter and using protein skimmer. Table 1 shows the result of SR based on the experimental research with various densities. It said that the best SR is 73.51% for 300 shrimp/m 3 of density.  Table 2 shows the result of FCR based on the experimental research with various density. The FCR is vary from 1.11 to 1.26 in average, and it can be shown that more in density, it will decrease in FCR due to the variation of feed itself. Based on the research result above, it can be described that RAS cultivation technology is feasible to be applied in order to assure the availability of white shrimp production.

RAS Cultivation Management
White Shrimp cultivation through RAS needs an industrial management, which comprises of 6 functions: product, raw material, production, marketing, industrial relations, and internal management (finance).  Financial management Financial analysis indicates that it is feasible to be developed.
Based on the Table 3 above, it can be concluded that all of 6 functions are important to assure the white shrimp RAS cultivation. Moreover [5] described that RAS is feasible to be developed but sensitive to changes in price, operation cost and production quantity.
Feeding management was applied through determining feeding management and feeding time, which described is Table 4. It also should maintain the water quality standard such as temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and pH. Finally, the harvest management should be applied with indicators mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2. White shrimp cultivation management also considers the financial feasibility. The feasibility analysis of white RAS cultivation indicates that it is feasible with B/C ratio 1.56, IRR 32.66%, R/C ratio 1.49 with net profit/year up to Rp7.004.770. This result is in line with [6] described that white Shrimp cultivation is feasible with B/C ratio 2.0.

Conclusion
In order to increase white competitiveness, there are two ways should be provided: introduction RAS cultivation technology, and RAS cultivation management. Based on the results of experiments that RAS cultivation technology can be applied for fish farmers with optimum density 400 shrimp/m 3 , 1.13 of FCR and 70% of SR. Industrial management should be considered such as product, raw material, cultivation process, marketing, and financial.