The organization of municipal solid waste collection, disposal and recycling in Kazakhstan

This article analyzes the organization of municipal solid waste collection, disposal and recycling in Kazakhstan based on the National Committee Statistics data - the annual statistical bulletin “On the collection, removal, processing (sorting) and burial (deposit) of municipal waste in the Republic of Kazakhstan” for 2015-2018 years. The article examined the municipal solid waste sources, the main indicators of the municipal solid waste collection, transporting, sorting, disposal and recycling. It is concluded that to solve the problems of municipal solid waste collection, disposal and recycling necessary to solve the following issues: 1) need control over the application of laws in the waste management field; 2) necessary to change people’s ecological behavior; 3) important is the availability of secondary resources market.


Introduction
One of the main factors of modern environmental pollution that affects the ecological situation is the city's economic activity. The growth of industry and population leads to an unconditional increase in the volume of municipal solid waste. Hence the problem of waste disposal. The localization of waste at landfills leads to secondary soils pollution, removal of significant areas from useful turnover.
There are three main options for the municipal solid waste disposal: the organization of landfills; waste incineration; waste recycling [1].
Waste recycling is the most resource-saving way, but not always economically viable. The main problems of recycling: -waste sorting; -waste transportation to the place of recycling; -the problem of non-standard waste as raw material for production [2]. All these problems in total do not allow the secondary use option to develop as fast as we would like, and require new scientific ideas and research [3][4][5].
The purpose of the article is to analyze the organization of municipal solid waste collection, disposal and recycling based on the official National Committee Statistics data for four years in order to stimulate the activity of legal entities and individuals in this direction.

Brief Literature Review
World's developed and fastest-growing countries already have scientific and practical achievements and believe that the organization of municipal waste collection, disposal and recycling should focus on them minimizing and recycling [6][7][8][9][10]. Two programs are needed for this: -to prevent the waste formation; -on the waste re-use. But this requires separate waste collection: paper, glass and organics. Literature review [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] has identified key issues in the municipal waste management system: -Only in large cities is it possible for the population to access the services of waste collection.
-For small cities, as well as rural areas, the problem of the absence or insufficient degree of services provision for the waste collection and removal is characteristic.
-The lack of solid waste sorting system with the population involvement, as well as specialized sites and the remoteness of landfills, leads to the growth of unauthorized landfills.
-An insufficient number of enclosed container sites, as well as deterioration of containers, lead to an unsanitary situation around multi-storey buildings.

Materials and methods
The article analyzes the official National Committee Statistics data -the annual statistical bulletin "On the collection, removal, processing (sorting) and burial (deposit) of municipal waste in the Republic of Kazakhstan" for 2015-2018 years. The statistical bulletin contains data of municipal solid waste collection, disposal and recycling in Kazakhstan. Statistical observation data is generated on the basis of initial reports of enterprises collecting and exporting household municipal waste, as well as similar waste of economic entities equivalent to municipal solid waste and enterprises municipal waste sorting [18][19][20].
Also, information, analytical and expert materials placed in specialized publications, the media and the Internet, analytical materials of industry associations, etc. served as sources of information [21].

Results and discussion
According to the National Committee Statistics data, the main source of waste generation in Kazakhstan is the mining industry -68% of the total annual waste volume. Electricity, gas and steam supply enterprises account for 15% of all waste, while manufacturing accounts for 10% of the annual waste volume. Municipal waste accounts for 2.6% of the annual generation of all types of waste. In 2018, the total amount of municipal waste collected, which makes up 2.6% of the country's collected waste, reached 3.6 million tons. Of this volume, 870.9 thousand tons accounted for the volume of waste from self-exporting enterprises (Figure 1).  Figure 1 it can be seen that in 2018 there is a tendency to reduce the municipal waste generation (excluding waste from self-exporting enterprises) compared to 2015 by 12.7%. Figure 2 provides information on the municipal waste generation sources (excluding waste from self-exporting enterprises) in 2018.  Figure 2 shows that in 2018, 74% of municipal waste (excluding waste from selfexporting enterprises) is formatted by household waste, another 9.7% is street sweepings and 12.5% is commercial and institutional waste.
In 2018, 2 million tons (71.4%) of the collected waste was transported to landfills, 0.7 million tons (25%) was transferred to third-party organizations/waste recycling plants ( figure  3).    Of the volume of sorted waste for further recycling in 2018, the following was sent: 7.8 thousand tons of broken glass (4.7% of the total volume of waste directed to recycling), 12.2 thousand tons of waste paper (7.4%), 17.2 tons of plastic waste (10.4%), 4.2 tons of nonferrous and ferrous metal scrap (2.5%).

Conclusion
The waste recycling market in Kazakhstan is notable for its low competitive ability. The largest number of companies work in the segments of waste collection, as well as recycling of some types of waste (for example, waste paper or plastic, etc.).
Entering the market for the recycling of household waste requires significant investments both for the opening of a waste sorting complex and for the construction of a waste recycling plant. To solve the problems of municipal solid waste collection, utilization and recycling it is necessary to solve the following issues: 1) need control over the application of laws in the waste management field; 2) necessary to change people's ecological behavior; 3) important is the availability of secondary resources market.
One of the important directions in the integrated system formation of solid waste management is the need to develop an economic and organizational mechanism to improve the efficiency and quality of selective waste collection services in cities, focused on the separate collection of various types of waste, the allocation of hazardous waste from the general stream of secondary raw materials.