Operational risks and building energy efficiency

. The article discusses the main aspects of the Federal program of energy saving and energy efficiency of the housing and communal complex. The algorithm of energy survey of the building is given. The calculation of the temperature field of structural units using the ELCUT software package is considered. The operational risks of implementing the energy saving Program and improving the energy efficiency of the housing stock are determined.


Introduction
The formation of energy-efficient housing and communal services in Russia is an integral part of the development of the Russian economy. The transition to an energyefficient development option must be made in the coming years, otherwise economic growth will be constrained by high prices and reduced availability of energy resources.
The Federal law "on energy saving and energy efficiency improvement and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" has defined a new stage in the development of legislation on energy saving and energy efficiency improvement in the Russian Federation. Significant changes in the system of state regulation measures in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency have led to the rapid development and adoption of a large number of bylaws. The division of powers of the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as local selfgovernment bodies in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency was made, which allowed creating conditions for the development of the appropriate regulatory framework at all levels of state and municipal administration and determining the legal basis for their interaction.
The Russian Federation has one of the world's largest technical potentials for energy conservation and energy efficiency, which accounts for more than 40 percent of energy consumption. The assessment is given to the level of 2007, as the base for the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 4, 2008 No. 889. In absolute volumes, this potential is 403 million tons of conventional fuel, and taking into account the reduction of associated gas flaring-420 million tons of conventional fuel. This is higher than the increase in primary energy production in Russia in 2008-2020 by 244-270 million tons of conventional fuel, as stipulated in the Russian Energy strategy for the period up to 2030, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 13, 2009November 13, N 1715 In the Russian Federation for the end of 2018, there were 1 110 977 apartment buildings. Among them, 598,730 MCD (54%) with a reduced energy efficiency class (E, F, G), as well as an undefined energy efficiency class. In 2018, 3,636 multi-apartment buildings with a preliminary energy efficiency class of at least C1 were put into operation, which was 27% of the total number of MCD units introduced in the country (13,457 units) (table 1). The majority of MCD's that are put into operation are houses with high energy consumption. C the amount of utility payments in such homes is less than in homes with lower and lower energy efficiency classes. The cost of building an energy-efficient MCD with energy efficiency class (A++, A+, A, B, C) is 10-25% higher than the cost of MCD with normal (D) and reduced (E, F, G) energy efficiency classes. At the same time, the utility fee in an energy-efficient MCD is lower by 30 to 60% than in an MCD with a normal or reduced energy efficiency class. Thus, the additional cost of an energy-efficient MCD is paid for by saving on utility bills [1][2][3]. Table 1. Information on the distribution of the introduced MCD by energy efficiency classes in 2018.

Energy efficiency class MCD
The amount of MСD The assessment of the state of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement is performed on the basis of indicators that characterize the results of the state policy in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement carried out by the subjects of the Russian Federation. These indicators are: * information about investments attracted for the implementation of energy saving and energy efficiency measures: * the amount of extra-budgetary financing of the subjects of the Russian Federation for activities aimed at energy saving and improving energy efficiency; • the volume of investments under energy service contracts aimed at energy saving and improving energy efficiency, and their number.
* technological indicators that characterize the consumption of energy resources, as well as indicators that characterize the level of implementation of technologies that have high energy efficiency: * the share of multi-family residential buildings (MCD) with a preliminary energy efficiency class is not lower than C; * percentage of introduced MCD with individual heat points (ITP) with automatic weather control of the coolant temperature; * percentage of availability of ITP with automatic weather control in buildings operated by public sector organizations; * the percentage of MCD in which an ITP with automatic weather control of the coolant temperature was installed after major repairs; * share of led light sources in the street and road sector; * percentage of DSL equipment with metering devices of energy resources; * specific expenditure of energy resources in the housing and utilities sector. An important organizational measure for energy saving and improving energy efficiency in the housing stock is to conduct voluntary and mandatory energy surveys of housing stock objects [3][4][5][6].
In General, the energy survey is performed according to the algorithm shown in Figure  1.  When designing major repairs of facades to achieve the required level of energy efficiency, it is necessary to calculate the thermal fields of structures and components [5][6][7][8].

Results and Discussion
The result of calculating the temperature field of the construction node is the distribution of temperatures in the node section, including on the inner and outer surfaces [9][10][11][12][13].
The heat flow through the inner surface of the node is determined by the formula: The heat flow through the outer surface of the node is determined by the formula: tb, tn -calculated indoor and outdoor air temperatures, respectively, °С; , -area-averaged temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the enclosing structure node, respectively, °С; , -heat transfer coefficients of the internal and external surfaces of the construction node, respectively, W/(m·°С); , -he area of the inner and outer surfaces of the node of the enclosing structure, m 2 . Figures 3-5 show an example of calculating the temperature field of the facade structural elements produced in the ELCUT program.    The characteristics of the layers of the enclosing structure are shown in table 3.

Conclusions
Like any process, the Federal energy saving Program is not without risks. The main risks of implementing the energy saving Program in the housing stock are: • a processing error; • lack of supervision, reliability, and control; • insufficient financing; • the incompetence of the contractors.
In this case, it is recommended to conduct the risk management process at two subordinate levels -Executive and coordinating. At the execution level, continuous monitoring and management of risk levels is provided -preparation and implementation of solutions to prevent or correct adverse risk events. Negative trends are identified and the consequences of irrational decisions are eliminated (the function "monitoring the level of operational risks"), and risks are analyzed during the preparation of strategic, tactical or operational decisions (the function "managing the level of risk in the preparation of decisions") [9][10][11].