Study of ergot isolation from rye in an aqueous salt solution

. The aim of the research is to determine the effectiveness of ergot isolation and to estimate grain losses in waste when the cereal material is immersed in the stream material in water and an aqueous solut ion of salt of different densities ρzh from the specific grain load gsp. Practical experiments were carried out by feeding grain material of winter rye of Falenskaya 4 variety with a moisture content of 14% from a height of h = 60∙10 -3 m into water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) with a density of 1030, 1060, 1090, 1120, 1150 and 1180 kg/m3. The variation of the specific grain load gsp was carried out according to the values of 0.674; 1.469; 2,871; 4.449 and 7.221 kg/(s∙m), which corresponded to the opening of the outlet window of the bunker of the experimental setup 10.0; 15.0; 20.0; 25.0 and 30.0∙10 -3 m. The temperature of ambient air, water and an aqueous solution of salt was 200C. It has been established that the density ρzh of an aqueo us salt solution has a greater influence on the result of the technological process than the specific grain load gsp. At a density ρzh of the aqueous solution of the salt of 1150 kg/m3, there is a 100% emergence of ergot sclerotia on the surface of the solution, and the losses of the PZ grain to the waste do not exceed 2,52%, which corresponds to the agrotechnical requirements for the final grain cleaning machines. values 0.97, of P the


Introduction
Grain is the oldest food product of people, subsequently with the development of labor productivity and its sufficient production -feed for farm animals.
The grain heap delivered from combine harvesters [1,2,3] to the post-harvest processing points contains, in addition to high-grade grain, also weedy and harmful impurities, which include ergot sclerotia [4,5].
The use of air and screen indented surface separator, pneumatic sorting tables, photo separators and other devices does not give positive results when cleaning grain material from ergot due to the closeness of its properties and the properties of the culture being cleaned [6,7,8,9,10,11,12].
Ergot sclerotia, which are toxic impurities in the grain material [13,14,15], have a lower density than that of the grain of cultivated plants. Therefore, to isolate ergot sclerotia from rye seeds, one can use aqueous solutions of inorganic salts, for example, sodium chloride or potassium salt.
For the mechanization of the allocation of ergot sclerotia from rye seeds in a wet way, an urgent issue is the development of a device for cleaning grain material [16].
When developing a device for cleaning grain material by density using the wet method, it is necessary to determine the efficiency of ergot sclerotia isolation and identification of grain losses in waste during in-line immersion of grain material in an aqueous salt solution depending on the specific grain load gsp at different density ρzh of the solution.

Materials and methods
To achieve this goal, practical experiments were carried out on the stream of winter rye grain Falenskaya 4 with a moisture content of 14% from a height of h = 60•10 -3 m [17] into water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) of various densities ρzh [18,19]. The cereal material consisted of 10000 winter rye grains and 1000 ergot sclerotia. To study the process of separating grain material into fractions in an aqueous salt solution, an experimental setup was made. A general view of this installation is shown in Figure 1, and its technological scheme is presented in Figure 2 The experimental setup for studying the grain stream immersion in an aqueous salt solution consisted of a laboratory tripod 1, hopper 3, tank 6, mesh 8 for removing grains floating on the surface of the solution, and sieve 7 to separate the grains from the salt solution. The laboratory tripod consists of a stand and a vertical rack. It is additionally equipped with a counterbalance 9 for stability. The holder 2 is mounted on a vertical rack using a coupling with clamping screws, on which the hopper 3 is suspended. To remove grains floating on the surface of the solution, a metal mesh 8 was used with mesh openings of 1.2•10 -3 m, which was made square in shape with a side size of 0.15 m. The sieve 7 for separating grains from the salt solution is a colander made of a metal mesh with mesh openings of 1.2•10 -3 m. The external dimensions of the sieve 7 corresponded to the internal dimensions of the tank 6. The walls of the sieve 7 are equipped with small "ears" that fix this device on top of the tank 6.
The process of studying the separation of grain material into fractions when immersed in a stream of an aqueous salt solution is as follows. From above, the grain material is loaded into the storage part of the hopper 3 from the stream, from which it is uniformly distributed across the width of the outlet opening into the bath 6 with an aqueous salt solution in which the sieve 7 is preliminarily placed. When the grain material enters the aqueous salt solution, "heavy" grains having large the density compared with the density of the solution, sink to the bottom of the bath 6, and "light" grains and sclerotia ergot with a lower density float to the surface of the salt solution. During visual observation of the process of immersion of grain material by a stream in an aqueous solution of salt, it was noticed that some sclerotia of ergot and grains with a lower density than the density of the solution are captured by sinking "heavy" grains and held by them at the bottom of the bath 6. Therefore, 6 grains settled on the bottom of the bath ergot sclerotia was forcibly mixed with a glass rod. As a result of this, the retention of "heavy" grains of ergot sclerotia and "light" grains, which then float to the surface of an aqueous salt solution, is eliminated. Sclerotia of ergot and grains, which appeared on the surface of an aqueous salt solution, are removed by a grid 8 to calculate their number.
"Light" grains, which appear on the surface of an aqueous salt solution and are disposed of as waste, are usually puny, have external and internal microdamages, and are therefore least valuable in terms of biological properties. These grains will have poor germination and do not represent value as a seed material and as a grain for germination upon receipt of high-quality malt.
Removing sieve 7 from bath 6, the drowned grain is filtered from an aqueous solution of salt and laid out to dry. The sieve 7 is again placed in the bath 6 and the process of studying the separation of grain material into fractions when immersed in a stream of salt in an aqueous solution is repeated with varying specific gravity gsp and density of the solution ρzh. Variation of the specific load gsp of the outflow of grain material from the hopper 3 is carried out by adjusting the shutter 4 by changing the bore of the outlet of the hopper 3. The height h of the supply of grain material relative to the surface of the salt solution is set by changing the position of the hopper 3 by moving the sleeve with holder 2 along the height of the vertical rack of the laboratory tripod 1.
The proportion of isolated ergot sclerotia was determined by the formula (%) [21]: (1) where n5 -the number of ergot sclerotia fed into water and an aqueous solution of salt, n5 = 1000 pcs; n6 -the number of ergot sclerotia on the surface of water or an aqueous solution of salt, pcs.
The proportion of non-drowned grains, even with forced exposure to them, which constitute the loss of grain to waste, is determined by the formula (%) [21]: (2) where n1 -the number of grains of salt supplied to the aqueous solution, n1 = 10000 pcs; n4 -the number of grains on the surface of an aqueous salt solution, which did not drown even with forced exposure to them, pcs. To

Results and Discussion
The results of experiments on the immersion of the grain material of winter rye of the Falenskaya 4 variety in water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) of different density ρzh with varying specific grain load gsp are shown in Figure 3 and in Figure  4.  6 regression model. The Durbin-Watson statistic is 0.391, which is greater than zero, but less than 2, and therefore autocorrelation between the experimental data is in question. The calculated value of the F-criterion of Fisher (F), equal to 265.4796, is 98.691 times greater than the tabular value, which for the significance level of 0.05 and the number of degrees of freedom (DF) k1 = 4, k2 = 30 is 2.69 (Fcalc.> Ftab. ). This means that the explained variance is significantly larger than the unexplained, and the regression model as a whole is significant in quality and its parameters. Accordingly, the obtained regression model (4) adequately describes the real process, and therefore it is significant and informationally capable of characterizing the presence of a non-drowned grain PZ on the surface of an aqueous solution of salt during continuous immersion of grain material, even forcibly.
From the response surface shown in Figure 4, it follows that the loss of PZ of grain in waste when immersed in water (ρzh = 1000 kg/m 3 ) is on average 0.25%, with a density of ρzh of an aqueous salt solution of 1030, 1060 and 1090 kg/m 3 average PZ values are 0.67, 0.84, and 1.25%, respectively. With the values of the density of the aqueous salt solution ρzh = 1120 and 1150 kg/m 3 , the loss of the surface area of the grain in the waste increases to 1.75 and 2.52%, which is associated with an increase in the surface tension coefficient of the aqueous salt solution. The loss of PZ of grain to waste at a density of an aqueous salt solution ρzh = 1180 kg/m 3 is 4.32%, which does not exceed the agrotechnical requirements for final grain cleaning machines.

Conclusion
Thus, based on the studies of the separation of the grain material of winter rye of the Falenskaya 4 variety with a moisture content of 14% into fractions when immersed in a stream of water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) at a temperature of 20 0 C with a feed height of h = 60•10 -3 m, that a significant influence on the technological process is exerted by the density ρzh of an aqueous salt solution, and the specific grain load gsp practically does not affect the fractionation indices of the grain material. At a density ρzh of an aqueous salt solution of 1150 kg/m 3 , ergot sclerotia emerges 100% to the surface of the solution, and the loss of PZ of grain to waste does not exceed 2.52%, which corresponds to the agrotechnical requirements for final grain cleaning machines.