Description of productive qualities of Russian selection turkeys

The article presents results of comparative assessment of productivity and tribal qualities of six breeds of turkeys at the gene pool economy selection and genetic center «North Caucasus Zonal Poultry Experimental Station» and populations of blue and red turkeys. Among the studied breeds best egg production for primary and middle layers ащк 20 weeks of productive period is noted in silver North Caucasian breed: 50,33 and 64,10 eggs respectively, at intensity 45,19%. For the turkeys of the new gene pool this indicator was more in blue turkeys – 49,32 and 59,28 eggs for primary and middle layers respectively. The highest egg mass was marked in white North Caucasian turkeys – 82,7 g, with Haugh Units (HU) highest value and form index – Uzbek pale yellow breed – 83,6; 69,3% respectively. Thus, we can conclude that selection with domestic breeds of turkeys in centre of collective usage Bioresource breeds collection Selection and Genetic Center «North Caucasus Zonal Poultry Experimental Station» is conducted up to the mark; breeds are preserved and rationally used depending on the tasks. Silver turkeys of the North Caucasian breed and blue turkeys of the new gene pool possessed the best productive qualities.


Introduction
Turkey farming is an important source of increased high-quality poultry meat production. Years of experience show that turkeys farming in industrial production is an effective industry branch [1][2][3][4][5]. Among the meat species of poultry, turkey has special place. By its biological and economic characteristics -this is one of the most promising types of poultry [6][7][8][9]. The biological diversity of poultry by form of breeds, populations, lines is a necessary factor in improving existing and creating new breeding forms [10][11][12][13].
The turkey gene pool at Selection and Genetic Center «North Caucasus Zonal Poultry Experimental Station» allows to create new cross-breeds by selecting birds with different genotypes for industrial production, but at the same time keep the breeds, populations and lines clean [14][15]. This is especially actually for the Development of Russian Agriculture and regulation of agricultural markets, raw materials and food for 2013-2020 State Program decision, where the tasks are set to increase livestock production and accelerated import substitution.
Selection and Genetic Center «North Caucasus Zonal Poultry Experimental Station» -Federal Science Center «Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry» Russian Academy of Sciences branch has tribal status of selection and genetic center for conservation and breeding of six breeds of turkeys. All breeds are listed in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use, included to the centre of collective usage turkey Bioresource breeds collection.
The aim of research was a comparative assessment of turkey domestic breeds productivity and breeding qualitiesof gene pool stocks of blue and red turkeys populations at Selection and Genetic Center «North Caucasus Zonal Poultry Experimental Station».

Material and research methods
Each breed was equipped with 90-100 heads of females and 30 males. The main characteristics that were taken into account when preserving the gene pool: liveweight, plumage color, bird exterior, egg-laying capacity, birth rate, livability.
The productivity of turkeys in the gene pool economy is allowed 20% lower than industrial forms corresponding to productivity directions. Tribal work was mainly based on selection and assortment of turkeys. Selection and assortment is based on the assessment of individuals, families and stirpes or the population as a whole.
The main method of reproduction in the gene pool is artificial insemination. All males were evaluated by response to massage before the start of the breeding season. After evaluation, there was selected a number of males and 20% of the reserve.
When growing and keeping young stock of all breeds and breeding groups of the gene pool, there were used the technological parameters for turkeys -Reference document for agro-industrial complex 1.10.05.04.-13.
From daily to 6 weeks age, poultry were reared in R-15 cell batteries, and then grown on bedding in buildings of production teams 2, 5, 6. Up to 16 weeks age, turkey poultry grown without dividing by gender. At the age of 16 weeks, when scoring, gender separation and further separate cultivation were carried out. From 18 weeks age, female turkey poults were converted to reduced 7-hour light day, male turkey poults were reared at 14-15 hours of light day with illumination equal to 15 lux.
Feeding poultry in all age periods was carried out in accordance with feeding recommendations and by TC 10.91.10-00215613932-2017, developed by Selection and Genetic Center «North Caucasus Zonal Poultry Experimental Station».
To study morphological and biochemical parameters, we evaluated 20 hatching eggs from six breeds of turkeys according to developed by Selection and Genetic Center «North Caucasus Zonal Poultry Experimental Station» technical conductions.

Research results and discussion
The productivity of main gene pool turkeys for 20 weeks of egg production when feeding with reduced nutritional intake for the period (average: 5.3 kcal in exchange energy, raw protein by 4.5%, raw fiber 3.4%, calcium by 0.2%, digestible phosphorus by 0.1%), that is associated with the preparation of animal feed from available ingredients within the financial resources allocated by the enterprise are presented in the tables 1. 2. It was established that silver turkeys of the North Caucasian breed, respectively, 50.33 and 64.10 eggs possessed the best egg production for the initial and middle layers in 20 weeks. This is 1.62% -5.74% more than of Uzbek pale yellow breed, by 1,01%-4,82% than of White North Caucasian, by 0,78%-3,70% than of Bronze North Caucasian. Oviposition rate on the average laying turkey hen of the Tikhoretskaya black breed was less than that of silvery North Caucasus by 6.90%.
The safety of turkeys for the egg production period, taking into account falling, ranged within 98-96%. Highest safety rate taking into account falling was tagged for Moscow white turkeys and accounted for 98%, Tikhoretsky black breed turkeys possessed the lowest safety index -96%.
By the oviposition intensity, we can judge the egg production dynamics over a certain time period and characterize the population as a whole [14]. Among six breeds, the highest percentage of intensity for 20 weeks of egg laying was observed in silver North Caucasian breed and amounted to about 45.19%. The differences between the silvery North Caucasus and Tikhoretsky black breeds amounted to 4.33%; Uzbek fawn -3,50%; White North Caucasian -2,85% and Bronze North Caucasian -2,04%.
Data on the new gene pool turkeys' productivity for 20 weeks of egg production are presented in tables 3.4.
Preservation of turkeys for the period of egg laying taking into account falling ranged within 98-93%, highest safety rate taking into account falling was tagged for Blue turkeys and amounted 98,39%, Red geen pool breed turkeys possessed the lowest safety index -93,75%. Differences in safety, taking into account culling between breeds, amounted to 4,64%. High percentage of intensity for 20 weeks of oviposition was observed for Blue turkeys and amounted to about 42,34%, that is higher than 8,56% of Red turkeys population. From the presented data, it is clear that blue turkeys had 49.32 and 59.28 eggs, respectively, for initial and average laying hens for 20 weeks of egg laying. These indicators were higher by 9.01-14.69% in relation to Red turkeys, respectively.
Data on the morphological composition of turkey eggs for 20 weeks of productive period are presented in table 5. The largest egg mass was in white turkeys of the North Caucasian breed -82,7 g, which is more than in Uzbek fawn breed by 5,3 g, or at 6,8%; silvery North Caucasian breed by 4,2 g, or a 5,4%; black Tikhoretskaya and bronze North Caucasian breds by 3,4 g, or at 4,3%; Moscow white breed by 2,2 g, or at 2,7%.
Egg density is mainly due to the size of air chamber and thickness of shell. This indicator varies depending on shelf life of the eggs. The density of fresh turkey eggs ranges from 1.078-1.080 g / cm 3 and corresponds to standard values, except for the Moscow white breed, which is slightly inferior in egg density by 0.5%. The shape of the eggs is an important indicator of quality, as it significantly affects embryo position in development process. Accurate indicator of the shape is shape index, which is largely related to the number of fights and notches of eggs, normally should be 70-76%. In current studies, the egg shape index ranged within 66.7-69.3%. Uzbek fawn turkeys has the highest form index -69,3 %, which is higher than Moscow white breed by 0,5%; Bronze North Caucasian and White North Caucasian breeds by 0,9%; Tikhoretskaya black by 1,4%; Silver North Caucasian by 2,6%.
Highest connection with its index of protein quality indicators is the HU, since both of these indicators are determined based on measuring dense protein height. For 20 weeks of productive period, Uzbek fawn (83.6) and Moscow white (80.6) breeds meet the optimal standard. Lower indices have Silver turkeys of the North Caucasian breed by 6,2%, White North Caucasian and Bronze North Caucasian by 2 and 2,2%; Tikhoretskaya black by 0,5% respectively.
Shell thickness mainly determines its strength and, therefore, resistance to mechanical destruction. There was no significant difference in these indicators between the eggs of current turkey breeds, the difference was only 0.01 mm, or 0.2% less. However, these indicators exceed the standard values by 0.04 mm or 11.8%.
The ratio of protein to yolk is defined as the ratio of protein mass to yolk mass. The density of the yolk and protein is judged on the content of solid components inside and egg "aging". Among the indices of current turkeys breeds eggs, a slight difference was found that corresponds to optimal standards -1, 8-1,9. The biochemical analysis data of hatching eggs of turkeys' bioresource collection is presented in the table 6.
High hatchability of eggs depends on the content of vitamins in it, which play a huge role in developing embryo metabolism. The most important are water-soluble B vitamins, vitamin A and its provitamins -carotenoids. According to current data, the level of carotenoids in eggs' yolk obtained from turkeys of the studied breeds was within 8,58-8,70 mkg/g, what is the norm (5,5-11,0 mkg/g).
Vitamin A (retinol) localized in yolk, its content in turkey eggs should be at the level of 6,5-8,0 mkg/g. From the presented data it is seen, that the vitamin A content in eggs' yolk of turkey bioresource collection is higher than the permissible norm: Tikhoretskaya black breed by 0,5 mkg/g or at 6,3%; Bronze North Caucasian by 0,46 mkg/g or at 5,8%; Silver North Caucasian by 0,42 mkg/g or at 5,3%; Uzbek fawn by 0,4 mkg/g or at 5%; White North Caucasian by 0,34 mkg/g or at 4,3%; Moscow white breed by 0,31 mkg/g or at 3,9% respectively.
Thus, the hatching eggs of all breeds of turkeys are fully consistent with the requirements.
Analysis of appraisal of domestic gene pool turkeys breeds farming showed that there is a reduction in the number of all breeds (Table 7). By safety of significant differences among current breeds was not observed. The safety of young growth up to 16 weeks of age on average for 3 years was within 87,33-89,80%.
The highest safety was among the turkeys of Silver North Caucasian breed (89.80%), and the lowest -among Uzbek fawn and Tikhoretskaya black breed (87.43 and 87.33%).
Based on current data analysis, it was found that all domestic breeds of turkeys belong to the class of elite and elite record in terms of a set of characteristics. However, it should be noted that the productivity of turkeys of all breeds significantly decreased in 2018 due to a lack of financial resources for the purchase of ingredients for balancing feeding diets.