Macroeconomics of mining of the Far Eastern Federal District

The analysis of macroeconomic indicators of the results of solid mineral extraction (TPI) in 11 subjects of the Far Eastern Federal district (DFO) was performed. The total value of production of all types of minerals (DPI) in terms of money at DFO is about 2.4 trillion rubles (45% of total gross regional product (GRP) of the region is equal to 5 trillion rubles.). More than 63% of the volume of DPI is achieved at the expense of fuel and energy resources of the Sakhalin region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In the dynamics of the region, there is a significant increase in GRP, production and value added for the DPI in general, and the production of fuel and energy minerals, but slower growth in the production of solid minerals. Ore (metal) raw materials of the region’s subjects in its total GRP is about 21%, in value terms-500 billion rubles. The region produces 16-18 types of ore mineral raw materials, including 12 types of raw materials as the main components of production, 4-5 types-as associated components. The main one is gold production (in 2019 more than 170 tons), silver (more than 930 tons). In the Far Eastern Federal district, reserves and resources of the main TPI for the long term have been identified. It is possible to significantly support the mining industry of the region in the case of exploration of new deposits with high-quality ores. Ore mineral raw materials of the leading geological and industrial types are currently insufficiently studied. It is necessary to develop intra-regional use and processing of raw materials to final products, create metallurgical industries, this will give new incentives to the development of the region’s resources. The analysis is of practical importance for evaluating and selecting directions in the deposits of subsurface use.


Introduction
The key sector of t he Far Eastern Federal district's economy is mining (28%). Subsurface use in terms of reproduction, exploration and development of mineral deposits is an integral part of the economy of eac h of the 11 administrative-territorial subjects of the Far East ern Federal district, but it doe s not constitute a single economic space: each entity has its own economy and accounting for its results by type of economic activity "mining" (DPI). T he region has produced and is producing 16-18 types of ore mineral raw m aterials, including 12 types of raw materials as the main components of production, 4-5 types -as associated components of production (copper, cobalt, bismuth, titanium, partially silver). Production in recent years has fluctuated, and its average level reflects table 1. Currently, 256 indige nous deposits and 1264 placer gold deposits are being developed, prepared for development and e xplored, while only 123 deposits of other metals are bei ng developed. Gold production in the Far Eastern Federal district increases from year to year: in 2014, the district's enterprises produced 126 tons of gold, and in 2019 -more than 170 tons, silv er -more th an 930 to ns. Go ld reso urces are sufficien t to m aintain th e ach ieved level o f production in t he near fu ture. The in dicators of p latinum, d iamond, lead an d tungsten concentrates production, and borate ores production are relatively stable during the observed period. Copper, nickel, and cobalt concentrates are extracted in small amounts and vary from y ear t o y ear. Ki mkan-Sutarsky GOK develops i ron ore ra w materials (ZH RS). The m ining of t in, t ungsten, antimony, l ead, zi nc, co pper, fl uorite, boron has been i n an unstable state for the past 10-15 years: they have noticeably lost thei r significance for domestic con sumption. Ti n production res umed: a GOK wi th a ca pacity of u p t o 4-5 thousand tons of tin concentrate per year is being built at the Pravourmiyskoye deposit. The identified an d estim ated reserv es and resources of zinc, nickel, titan ium, m anganese, mercury, an timony, m olybdenum, beryllium, tan talum, n iobium, lith ium, zircon ium an d some ot her m etals are sm all i n v olume o r eco nomically un profitable an d unprofitable; production o f fl uorspar is stopped, p roduction o f associated usef ul components (bismuth, beryllium, lith ium, etc.) d epends on th e ex traction of base m etals. Fo r th e su stainable operation of the m ining i ndustry i n the re gion, there are rese rves a nd resources for five types of ore minerals: precious metals (gold and silver), iron ore, copper, and uranium. The most reliab le raw m aterial b ase for t he ind ustrial d evelopment of t he reg ion is th e ZHRS [1].
In t he article an alyzes th e curren t state an d feasib ility o f developing types o f m ineral raw materials on the basis of Goskomstat indicators t hat reflect various aspects of the t ype of activ ity " mining" in th e reg ion in co mparative term s (tables 2-4). T he gross re gional product (GRP) o f th e Far Eastern Federal district is m ore th an 5.2 t rillion rubles, about 5.5% of th e national to tal. The t otal vo lume of pr oduction of all types of m inerals in monetary terms in 2018 was ab out 2.4 trillion rubles (about 45% of the total GRP). M ore than 63% of Mining is achieved at the expense of fuel and energy resources of the Sakhalin region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), including oil, gas, gas condensate more than 53% (1.26 trillio n rubles), co al -9% (21 8 b illion rubles), and o ther min erals, in cluding diamonds, b oron, m agnesite, an d s o o n.ore -m ore t han 1 2% (282 bi llion rubles). Ore (metal) raw materials of the region's subjects in its total GRP in recen t years is about 21%, which in value terms in 2018 was equ al to 500 billion rubles (table 2). In the dynamics of the region, there is a significant increase in GRP, production and value added for Mining in general, a nd t he p roduction of fuel a nd ener gy m inerals, b ut sl ower g rowth i n t he production of solid minerals.
Most su bjects of t he Far E astern Fe deral di strict, ha ving a si gnificant p otential fo r mineral resources, cannot independently maintain the budget balance in a satisfacto ry state and receive a nnual gratuitous budget reve nues (gra nts). The am ount of s ubsidies for subjects i n 2018 w as 14 -63% of th e regional budget (the average for the Far East ern Federal district is 47%). The Sahalinskaya oblast received the smallest relative subsidies to the budget (about 14%), the Chukotka autonomous okrug (63%) and the Zabaikalskji kraj (61%) received the largest.
In 2018, t otal investments i n fi xed a ssets of t he subjects of t he Far E astern Fe deral district amounted to about 1.4 trillion rubles (33% of the GRP), and in Mining -457 billion rubles (about 30% of th e total in vestment). The highest inv estment in Min ing is in the Sahalinskaya oblast (180 billion rubles), in Yakutia (158 billion rubles), the lowest in the Evrejskaya autonomous oblast, Primorskij kraj and Kamchatskij kraj from 1.1 to 2.7 billion rubles, i n other su bjects of t he Far Eastern Fe deral district -from 6 to 39 billion rubles. About 90% of th e to tal inv estment of organizations with foreign cap ital in th e Min ing is received, but i n general, all branches of t he district' s econom y receive less tha n 4 time s domestic one s. I n t he Sahalinskaya o blast, dom estic an d f oreign i nvestments are approximately equal (table 3).
Macroeconomic indicators of organizations by kind of activity Mining in the subjects of DFO i n 201 8, reflects th e tab le 4. The to tal number working at en terprises and organizations of mining at DFO is almost 143 thousand people, equivalent to 3.5% of all people employed in economy employees. The largest number of them work in the Republic of Sakh a (Yakutia) -48 .6 tho usand p eople (10 % of all working i n t he Repub lic), in the other regions work from 1.9 to 17.6 thousand people. The largest share of employees in the field of Mining is observed in Chukotka autonomous okrug (18% of all employees in the district) and the Magadanskaya oblast (13.5%).
The number of enterprises and organizations in Mining in the region is more than 3,100, the larg est number in Yakutia is alm ost 6 00, t he sm allest in t he Evrejsk aya av t. oblast, Chukotskij avt. o krug -43 and K amchatskij k raj -63 . The Total turnover o f enterprises and organizations in th e Min ing is m ore th an 2 trillio n ru bles, th e largest tu rnover i n th e Sahalinskaya oblast -more than 1 trillion rubles (50% of regional turnover) and in Yakutia -561 billion rubles, in other subjects the turnover is i n the range of 21-115 billion rubles, that is 5-10 times less than in the first two. Yakutia has the best financial result (58% of the regional result), while the Evrejskaya avt. oblast, Kamchatskij kraj and Primorskij kraj have negative res ults. A pproximately al so di stributed on t he subjects of general damages D FO (they in t he district aroun d 48 billion rub les) an d profitability o f sales organizations (fo r DFO 44 .6%) an d r eturn o n assets of organizations ( DFO, at 10.4%). T he share of unprofitable organizations from their total number in the Mining is large: fro m 40 to 100% (in t he Evrejsk aya av t. oblast), th e smalle st num ber o f s uch organizations i n t he Sahalinskaya oblast is 19%.
The number of medium and small enterprises (MP) to Mining on subjects within 23-394 (total f or DFO ent erprises, 1 980), a nd t he number of em ployees -m ore t han 9 t housand people (just over 6% of wor kers i n larg e companies). Th e t otal tu rnover of M P in the Mining in the region is 50 billion rubles (2.4% of the regional turnover of large companies). Yakutia, the Amurskaya oblast and Magadanska ya oblast are the leaders i n all three indicators. It is obv ious that the results of mining are not enough to eliminate or reduce the subsidized budgets of subjects and that a new strategic approach to the goals and objectives of their development in the region is needed [1].
The Far Eastern Fe deral district has a de veloped m ining i ndustry with a ve ry weak development of the processing industry. It is generally assumed that the needs and demand of the region are still low due to the small share of the Far Eastern economy in the country's economy and that small needs are met by imports from the Western regions or from abroad. There is no unified program framework for long-term development of subsurface use in the region, and there is no coordination between program documents on directions, sources of funding and dead lines. In t he list o f Fed eral targ et program (FTP) activ ities, th is p art represents a s et of point projects. Fi ve i nvestment pro jects of t he first gr oup (t he m ost developed and meeting the goals of the Program) are l isted. Among them, three projects -1) c onstruction of t he B ystrinsky GOK, 2 ) de velopment of t he Natalka g old deposit, 3 ) construction of the Taezhnyj GOK -belong to t he m ining indust ry (t he fi rst two were completed). Of the eleven projects of the second group, seven projects relate to this area: 1) development of t he U dokan c opper deposit, 2) c onstruction of t he Garinsky G OK, 3 ) construction of the Ametistovyj GOK, 4 ) co nstruction of th e GOK at th e Baran yevsky deposit, 5) increasing the design capacity of company "Urgalugol" to 7.1 million tons/year, 6) development o f t he A psatskoe c oal Deposit, 7 ) com plex processing of m an-made c oal waste. The content of three of these projects is gold mining (Bystrinsky GOK, al ong with the produ ction o f i ron ore an d cop per co ncentrates, which will b e exp orted, also aim s t o extract gold). These projects are part of a fragmented, bu t su ccessfully fun ctioning gold mining i ndustry i n t he Fa r Eastern Fe deral district. T hree FTP projects a re related to t he coal indu stry for i ntraregional n eeds, on e is fo cused on t he development o f co pper resources fo r export. Two projects of th e iron or e ind ustry ( Taezhnoye an d Garinskoye deposits) without a metallurgical complex have an unfinished look.   A b usiness ca n pe rform such s pot a nd m arket-oriented t asks within t he fram ework of achieving its own co rporate go als aim ed at en suring profitability (or break-even) of its shareholders funds, but it cannot (and this is not its task) form a m eaningful framework of the economy and organize the creation and development of new directions in it, esp ecially with a v iew to th e fu ture and em bedded i n th e national eco nomy syste m. Th is is cle arly visible i n t he part of t he started development of t he ZhR S base and can be further manifested in the part of the development of copper ore raw materials [2,3]. Public-private partnership t ools are needed. «Fon d razvitiya Dal'n ego Vostoka i Bajk al'skogo regiona» (Vnesheconombank group) promising economic specialization and eight regions of the Far East (except for Primorskij kraj and Kamchatskij kraj and Evrejskaya avt. oblast) identified the development of m ineral reso urces, b ut t here a re no tasks on c reation of p rocessing industries, which ca n o nly be do ne by t he s tate sy stem, one o f t he d ocuments whi ch i s a Federal program. On t he territory of the Far Eastern Federal district, deposits of almost all types of m inerals accounted for by the balance of the R ussian Federation, i ncluding the main st rategic ones, ha ve been i dentified. T he t ypology o f t heir si gnificance f or regional (regional and national) needs is as follows: 1) mineral resources are playing a decisive role in the economy of the Far Eastern Federal district: oil and gas of Sakhalin, coal, diamonds, oil and g as Yakutia, gold an d silv er of th e majority o f subjects DFO, iron ores in Evrejskaya avt. oblast and Amurskaya oblast and Yakutia; 2) mineral resources that play a significant but n ot y et decisive role i n t he economy of s ubjects D FO: t in, t ungsten, l ead, zinc, cop per, nickel, cob alt, fl uorspar, boron, platinum, titan ium; 3 ) mineral resou rces whose reserves are esti mated and partially extracted: antimony and m etals extracted along the way -bismuth, cadm ium, i ndium, et c.; 4) m ineral reso urces whose reserves are estimated in advance: their involvement in economic turnover in the c urrent state of st udy and lack of necessary technolo gies i n th e medium ter m i s pr oblematic: r are ear th m etals, zirconium, molybdenum, etc.
The creation of processing industries in the Far Eastern Federal district can smooth out the i mbalances in th e prev iously estab lished st ructure o f the nat ional ec onomy based on mineral reso urces: in t he geographical lo cation of deposits, infrastru cture facilities, processing e nterprises an d c onsumers of mineral raw materials. Pro gram-target pl anning principles should be based on a n i ndustry ap proach, t hat i s, set t he g oal of creat ing an appropriate industry in the region based on its own mineral resources or participation in a specific segment of the national economy. For the Far Eastern region, these are the creation of its own ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. For ferrous metallurgy, the final stage of the technological chain is re quired -t he construction of a m etallurgical plant, for non -ferrousthe middle link -copper smelting. Current prices for mineral raw materials should not play a decisive role: the design and operating time o f enterprises of this type are m any decades and go through several favorable and crisis periods. The determining criterion should be the feasibility of the final goal.

Conclusion
The resources of gold, silver, platinum, and diamonds, which are only partially of industrial significance, are primarily important as a social factor. a t the current high price level, they provide jobs for a certain part of the population. In DFO there is no industrial processing of the extracted minerals except ore-processing plants, near mines (quarries, mines), there are only t hree c ompanies (Am ur hydrometallurgical plant of the com pany "Polym etal", the autoclave hydrometallurgical com plex "Pet ropavlovsk", t he lea d plant of the com pany " Dal'polimetall").
Prospects for the development of the mining industry in the Far Eastern Federal district depend on the adopted concept development of mineral base. The Far East now needs not an export concept for the development of ore and mineral resources, but a concept of selfsufficiency i n th e m ain ind ustrial sectors based on its own raw materials, primarily metallurgical ones.