Coastal Area Management Strategy Through Strengthening Community Capacity in Sumber Jaya Kampung Melayu District Bengkulu City

. In general, the socioeconomic life of the coastal communities of Kampung Melayu is still in a circle of poor life, identical to the lives of the fishing communities living in the coastal areas. This is influenced by the low capacity of human resources, social economy, culture, environment, and government policies. This research aims to 1) describe the conditions and problems faced by fishing communities living in coastal areas: 2) know the strategy for building the capacity of people living in the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu, through field observations methods, interviews, FGD`s, and related literature. The results of this study are often the condition of people living in a better location within the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu. This involves the government, which provided infrastructure in the form of environmental roads, sanitation, and parks. However, there is a need to increase the capacity of human resources, alternative innovations for people's livelihoods, technology development, easy access to capital, provision of infrastructure, and market governance. In line with this, the government needs to collaborate with universities, private media sector, and local communities, for a greater success .


Introduction
Indonesia is a maritime country, which has a wider sea area than the land area. Indonesian coastal area is two-thirds of the land area and coastline of 95,161 kilometers or the second longest in the world [1]. Coastal areas have natural resources that can improve the welfare of the community and are able to mobilize economic development if done optimally [2,3]. For optimal management of coastal areas, it is important to do integrated management [3]. The results of previous studies explain the success of coastal area management should be done by establishing partnerships and involving various sectors [4][5][6][7][8].

Method
This research was conducted in the Kampung Melayu District of Bengkulu City. The focus of the study was on strengthening the capacity of coastal communities in the Kampung Melayu sub-district. To find out how to strengthen coastal communities in the Kampung Melayu sub-district with the following research stages. The source of this research data comes from primary data and secondary data. Primary data through interviews with communities are in coastal areas which coincidentally met during the study. In addition, interviews with the Kampung Melayu Sub-District Head and related Dinas namely the government which has a development program in the coastal area of Kampung Melayu. Secondary data sourced from reports, notes, laws and regulations.
Informants in this study were 10 people, the determination of researchers' information using a purposive sampling method. Researchers classify 2 characteristics of informants. The first characteristic is the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) which has the power to develop the coastal area of Kampung Melayu sub-district, namely the Kampung Melayu Sub-District as the holder of regional authority, the Public Works Service, the Tourism Service, the Fisheries and Maritime Service and the Cooperative and Micro Small Medium Enterprises Office of Bengkulu City. Characteristics of the second informant is the people who live in the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu who get training assistance and so on.
Data analysis by compiling, namely: 1) classifying data both secondary and primary data; 2) condensing data sorting, compiling, sorting and building data analysis performance; 3) the researcher presents the data as well as confirms the data and deepens the data analysis; 4) researchers draw conclusions by analyzing data in accordance with the construction of the discussion of research.

Description of Research Object.
Kampung Melayu District has an area of 38.38 km 2 . Consists of 6 administrative districts, 32 Neighborhood Associations (RW) and 153 Neighborhood Associations (RT) and 38,018 inhabitants. 19,046 inhabitants are male residents and 18,972 inhabitants are female residents. Geographically, west of the sub-district of Kampung Melayu, facing the Indian Ocean. 70% of the people have fishing jobs.
Kampung Melayu region is a coastal area that has a lot of potential, especially Mangroves (see table 1). In addition there is the potential for marine tourism, water tourism, fishing village tourism. In the area of Kampung Melayu there is the island of bae port (loading and unloading goods), fishing port and fish storage, access to the market is only about 0.5 km from the coastal area (see picture below).     figure 5AB). That is, it is important that there is an appropriate management strategy to overcome the condition of mangrove ecosystems that are classified as damaged. The Bengkulu Province Coastal Development Strategy is reflected in the Bengkulu Province Mid-Term Regional Development Plan (RPJMD) in 2016 -2021. There are 5 priority programs in the Bengkulu province to realize the strengthening of superior commodities of agro-maritime and downstream and poverty alleviation by: 1) the introduction of Agro-maritime superior products; 2) Diversification of Agromaritim Ungulan products; 3) Strengthening market distribution and expansion; 4) Strengthening the development and science and technology of fishermen farmer groups; 5) Management of Agro-Maritime as well as downstream; 6) Access to finance and capital [1]. To affirm the Bengkulu Provision RPJMD. To realize the Bengkulu Province RPJMD in managing coastal areas, the Bengkulu City Authority has a regional coastal development strategy program by implementing 3 (three) basic strategies, namely: 1) increasing the capacity of human resources; 2) provision of maritime infrastructure; and 3) allocate adequate technology funding.
The nature of coastal area management aims to: 1) community independence by developing economic activities and strengthening the economic institutions of coastal communities; 2) the community can manage and utilize coastal and marine resources optimally, sustainably and in accordance with the rules of environmental sustainability. Achievement of the objectives above the main thing that must be done is to increase the capacity of people living in coastal areas.
Management patterns that involve community participation or bottom up. Data in the field confirms the pattern of development in coastal areas involving community participation, every year a Development Planning Consultation (Musrembang) is held, for that, it is necessary to have planning capacity [16]. Musrembang is carried out so that the development carried out in accordance with the needs of coastal communities. However, in general terms, the lives of people in the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu live below the poverty line, the socioeconomic level of people in the coastal areas still needs a struggle in order to be able to live properly (see table 2) [17]. The percentage living below the poverty line (32,14%) 5.254.400 soul  Table 2 and Figure 6, confirm that the number of villages in the coastal area of 8,090 villages, 16,420,000 people live in the coastal area. 30.14% of the 16,420,000 people are still below the poverty line. Figure 6, confirms the condition of residential buildings in coastal areas, some are still in the unfit category. Housing is identical to one's social status. Type of residence with indicators of the status of the house occupied, the physical condition of the building and the area of the building is a measure of a person's social status [18].

Problems in the Management of Coastal Areas in Kampung Melayu
According to Ambo [19], there are 5 strategies to strengthen the capacity of coastal communities, namely 1) Development of alternative livelihoods; 2) Access to Capital; 3) Access to Technology; 4) Access to markets; 5) Development of collective action. Implementation of this strategy by paying attention to the needs of coastal communities, the potential of the community, the potential of the environment and can appreciate the wishes of the people in the coastal region. If the management of the coastal areas using the 5 strategies above, applied consistently with involving the people in the coastal area will have an impact on the welfare of the community. Bengkulu City Government in the management of coastal areas has 3 strategies (see halalam). Identification of the results of field research in the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu, viewed from the 3 strategies that have been implemented by the City government as having authority in managing coastal areas in the context of the strategies conveyed by Ambo [19].

Human Resources
The profession of fishermen in the coastal area of Kampung Melayu is a job that is obtained in a descending manner. The ability of the fishing community in general is inadequate. The desire for success is not followed by concrete action. This has an impact on the economic and social lives of fishermen families. Even though it becomes a danger to make a change for the people of the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu who should follow the latest conditions, update and be able to read opportunities.
The majority of people who live in the coastal areas of Village are fishermen. The type of equipment owned is Sampan (often called a tugboat) and Bagan Boat. Canoe / boat ketek transportation means to catch fish in the form of a wooden boat on a small scale using oars, go to sea more or less for 12 hours. Meanwhile, Bagan Ship is a means of transportation to catch fish that has a medium capacity, has a crew of crew members (ABK) of 10-15 people. Going to sea takes about 1 week. People who have Bagan Ships must have a business permit to the government.
Data in the field shows that only 10% of the people who own Bagan Boat are native to the coastal area of Kampung Melayu, the remaining 20% are not local residents, but have a Bagan Boat business in the coastal area of Kampung Melayu. This means that the population of the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu who work as ABK workers is around 20% who work for the owner of Bagan Ship (Interview of Mr. Evan, Employee of Sumber Jaya Village, Bengkulu, 20 April 2020). Since Kampung Melayu is an example of Fisherman Village, which was inaugurated by President Jokowi on February 15, 2019, there have been many changes, as conveyed by Mr. Evan, Employee of Sumberjaya Village, Kampung Melayu Village Sub-District. "Well ... since this area has become a pilot of the fishing village, attention from various parties has shown a better direction, a lot of training has been carried out by the government, universities, state-owned enterprises (BUMN), which are training fishermen mothers in managing fish the results of catching families, fish are managed into shredded, salted fish or fresh dried fish. Training to live healthy and clean environment, managing waste into compost, mothers also receive training on cooking skills that are sourced from fish, namely pempek, tekwan and nuggets."

Alternative livelihood sources
Communities who live in the coastal areas of the village, for fishermen mothers have used the results of fishing, the community has alternative livelihoods, opening stalls along tourist attractions, handicrafts sourced from shells, making talikur. An interview with Mrs. Rukun Tetangga (RT) 22 said that: In my opinion, many parties have contributed to empowering to provide alternative livelihoods for the residents of the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu, but, which is an obstacle, the implementation of the activity was not carried out continuously, we mean that after the bebarap activity next month we visited again, discussed business problems that we face. Understandably, because of the lack of qualified community capacity it is important that there is ongoing coaching. There is no supervision and guidance, impact when there are problems people like to despair.
The interview was also to Mrs. Rahma who was lined up in the mangrove tourism area, she explained that income would increase if there were many tourist visits, especially on Saturdays and Sundays. Selling snacks, cakes, packaged rice and drinking water, became a commodity purchased by local tourism.

Provision of Infrastructure
Data in the field confirms that the provision of infrastructure or infrastructure in the coastal areas of Kampung u is already available in the form of environmental roads, repair of sewers, making septic tanks in groups, latrines, the environment has been planted by various ornamental plants, provision of waste treatment facilities and better environmental health quality. However, there are still some houses that are categorized as unfit for habitation (see figure 6). This infrastructure is provided by Kotaku, which is under the authority of the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, and participates in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds by the National Savings Bank (BNI). Meanwhile, for fishing facilities the fishermen have received assistance from the Marine and Fisheries Agency in the form of canoes, boats and nets and other fishing equipment.

Access to Capital.
As explained earlier, the majority of people living in coastal areas, the majority of whom work as fishermen and are categorized as poor households. Access to capital for fishermen who have canoes (ketek boats) is a major problem for fishermen when they want to go to sea. Interview with Mr. Rahman, explaining that each of the seas requires a range of costs between IDR 300,000 to 500,000. Departure to sea starts in the afternoon and comes home in the morning, sometimes not getting fish as expected. This means that the income of the fishermen is uncertain. This makes access to capital difficult to obtain from funding institutions.
The only access to capital that can be obtained by the Kampung Melayu coastal community comes from the Cooperative. Cooperatives can be said to be local wisdom, even though they are in the form of business entities, but the form of cooperatives starts from the citizens as members, the benefits derived fully belong to the members. There are 3 cooperatives in the coastal area of Kampung Melayu. The type of cooperative business is savings and loans for its members. This means that Members can save money and may borrow money with standards that have been jointly determined in the guidance and supervision of the Cooperative Office.

Access to Technology
To develop the right technology for fishermen in the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu, there has not been an appropriate model, especially for fishermen who only have shrubs / canoes, given the way the fishermen work is still very traditional. In addition, the capacity of fishermen to use technology is inadequate. The results of catching fish also, have not received the right technological touch, for example salted and fresh fish management, still use the sun as a fish dryer (see picture 7).

Market Access
The market is one of the factors that support to improve the welfare of coastal communities. On the market la all buying and selling transactions carried out. The distance between the market and the coastal area of Kampung Melayu is around 500 meters. The market is already quite developed (sellers and buyers are already crowded in the morning), however, the available infrastructure and infrastructure is inadequate. The market seems dirty and not well organized (see figure 4). In front of the Market there is the Baai Island Fish Auction Center (PPI). The distance between PPI and the market is only 200 meters facing the road. Basically the market potential in the coastal area is quite good, seen from the crowd of market visitors in the morning. However, these resources will be optimized if the facilities and infrastructure are available and related stakeholders work together in an integrated manner.

Development of Collective Action
Development of collective action is carried out in order to be effective and efficient in the development process of the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu. The development process is carried out with collective action, citizen participation and decision-making agreed together consistently in accordance with agreed regulations. The development of collective action is usually intended in the process of building public goods. In the context of the management of the coastal areas of Kampung Melayu, the spotlight / concentration of residents is the mangrove tourism vehicle. The pattern of work is to take tourists around the mangrove forest by boat or boat. The one-way contract / lease is IDR 200,000 / boat chart. Each tourist more or less pays IDR 50,000 -100,000 / person, depending on the number of passengers (see picture 8).
Ships as a means of transportation that take tourists around the mangrove forest are private property. That is, the income generated is only for the owner of the Ship. Interview with Mrs. Chairman of the Rukun Warga (RW) 2. Explain that the results of mangrove tourism management have not been able to contribute to being a source of income for the village, because there is no collection of taxes / fees to ship owners. This means that mangrove tourism management has not been carried out optimally, it has not yet had an impact (outcomes) for local residents. Management of resources, coastal areas will be optimal if done by developing collective action by making agreements and coordinating well, between institutions involved in the development of coastal areas.  [20] Data in the field shows that government programs related to strengthening the capacity of coastal communities in Kampung Melayu sub-district have been implemented, including: 1) the formation of fishermen groups that focus on savings and loan activities; 2) providing business capital, for fishermen; 3) training of fishermen fish management and fishermen mothers; 4) provision of sanitation and clean water; 5) increased development of mangrove forests; 6) provide morning market allocations around the coastal areas.
The program is part of a strategy to strengthen the capacity of people living in coastal areas. Government program policies will succeed if accompanied by efforts to strengthen the capacity of human resources in coastal communities and are carried out sustainably and have an outcame [8], [21][22][23][24][25][26].

Conclusion
Slowly but surely, after the Kampung Melayu Coastal Region became a pilot project for the Kampong Nelayan, little by little the changes in the environment have begun to be felt by the community, especially the provision of infrastructure, roads, sanitation and others. However, in the future it is important to pay attention to the government: 1) community capacity building programs are carried out programmatically, sustainably and in-depth mentoring; 2) it is important to have creative ideas and innovations to find alternative livelihood solutions for coastal communities; 4) it is important to provide access to capital and develop appropriate technology to develop businesses for coastal communities; 4) providing infrastructure, market infrastructure and good market governance; 5) carrying out capacity building programs for coastal communities, the government must collaborate with various sectors, for example, involving the media, the private sector and universities.