Fighting against Aridity: Diponegoro University’s Environmental Management towards a Green Campus

Diponegoro University (Undip) is one of the state universities (PTN) in Indonesia which has experienced three changes in its financial management status, ranging from PTN Working Unit (1960) and PTN Public Service Agency (2008) to PTN Legal Entity. The status of PTN Legal Entity was legalized in 2015 and operated in 2017. The implementation of three pillars of higher education and institutional development have been confronted with funding factors and commitment from all components of higher education. The need of stakeholders for university graduates continuing to develop their competencies made this university moved its campus center to Tembalang. This move had a variety of environmental impacts both inside and outside the campus. Various efforts continued to be made by the university to overcome the environmental impacts. Undip’s participation in the green campus ranking based on GreenMetric World University Ranking since 2012 was an effort so that the university could find out the consistency of sustainable environmental management to maintain a sustainable environment for the benefits of the next generation. This paper focuses on the analysis of environmental management developed by Undip to realize a 'green campus'. The conclusion of this research underlines that Undip needed to optimize all efforts.

The campus operations were gradually carried out at Tembalang campus starting in 1997 [3]. Undip as a dynamic PTN was difficult to progress without sufficient funds to support the activities of three pillars of higher education and funds for institutional development. Therefore, Undip Management strived to make the financial management status more flexible according to the applicable rules. The struggle carried out in 2007 was successful with the issuance of the Decree of the Minister of Finance Number 259/KMK.05/2008 on the Establishment of Diponegoro University as a Government Institution Implementing Financial Management of Public Service Agency [4]. Undip with the status of state university (PTN) Public Service Agency issued a number of policies to obtain funds for the implementation of three pillars of higher education and institutional development.
The autonomy era entered into higher education in Indonesia in 1999. Undip with limited funds and resources gradually headed towards autonomous state universities. The status was based on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 81 of 2014 on the Establishment of Diponegoro University as PTN Legal Entity and the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 52 of 2015 on Diponegoro University Statute. Undip as PTN Legal Entity was launched in 2017 [5].
Based on Undip's history, it can be seen that this PTN has proven its toughness since its establishment. The strength of the funds is undeniably a factor that also determines the sustainability of the university, including the sustainability of resources and the campus environment. Each study program has a strategy to overcome the lack of funding from the University and the Faculty. For example, the Department of History of the Faculty of Literature (now the Faculty of Cultural Sciences) addressed the need for afforestation of the campus in Building B of this faculty through lecturer contributions in that department. This condition occurred in 2004 because the Departments of History and Diploma III Archives were the Department and Diploma III Study Program from the faculty that first moved to Tembalang campus [6]. The relocation of Undip campus from Pleburan to Tembalang also had negative impacts on the campus environment. These impacts included floods, garbage buildup, air pollution, increased population density, not environmentally friendly transportation, congestion, and others [7][8][9]. These conditions were challenges for all campus components to become a campus able to maintain the sustainability of its environment. In this connection, this paper would examine how Undip developed sustainable environmental management so that it was able to preserve and develop the campus environment into a green campus.

Method
This was qualitative research. The data were collected through observations and secondary sources. The observations were made on Undip environment in Tembalang campus, Semarang. In addition, the data were also collected through literature studies, including research journals related to Undip campus environment in Tembalang, published books, and electronic books. Moreover, interview was also conducted with Undip's Vice Chancellor regarding the transformation status of Undip from PTN Working Unit to PTN Legal Entity. The data on the efforts made by Undip to preserve the environmental sustainability were obtained from online campus news and online newspapers [10]. After the data were collected, critics of various sources were carried out to determine the suitability of the data with the research. Then reconstruction was carried out to obtain an article entitled "Fighting against Aridity: Diponegoro University's Environmental Management towards a Green Campus".

Green Campus Concept
Green campus is an extremely popular concept in the college environment in the United States in the mid-1990s. Peggy F. Barlett and Geoffrey W. Chase gathered various community experiences from various campuses in the United States about their efforts to maintain the campus environmental sustainability. Peggy and Geoffrey subsequently edited the experiences and published them in 2004 in a book entitled Sustainability on Campus: Stories and Strategies for Change [11].
There were several aspects that they discussed related to the issue of campus environmental sustainability. There were five main issues contained in the book entitled Sustainability on Campus: Stories and Strategies for Change written by campus communities from various universities in the United States. Of the five main sub-issues and sub-issues, it was known that the green campus did not only mean campus afforestation activities. Green campus was a movement to maintain environmental sustainability, initiated by the campus communities.
The first issue discussed the basis of creating sustainable universities. We would know through this issue that to implement environmental sustainability, a Green Task Force was needed. It was called a task force because it was a group of people consisting of about fifty people. Their jobs were to monitor the waste produced as a result of activities in the campus environment, to manage waste systematically, to calculate the rate of waste growth, to conduct awareness campaigns on environmental awareness, to conduct an audit of every energy used, including the use of electricity, water, office stationery. Awareness that in order to make changes we did not just wait was included in this issue. We had to do it so changes occurred. Anyone could lead to changes in community culture to care for the environment.
The first issue part contained the elements of communication and respect as keywords for the success of the sustainability program. Good communication accompanied by polite attitude would bring people who initially did not care for the environment turned into those who did so [12]. This opinion was in line with public policy theory by George C. Edward III in his book entitled Implementing Policy stating that there were four elements for successful policy implementation. First was communication, second was bureaucratic structure, third was resources, and fourth was disposition [13].
The second issue was about curriculum redesign. Referring to the presentation of the study, it was known that curriculum redesign has been applied to faculties at Northern Arizona University since 1995. The curriculum design was designed across disciplines such as music, geology, nursing, and others. Curriculum design integrated environmental sustainability issues in the curriculum. Oakland Community College also implemented changes to the curriculum, so they implemented the college graduates as environmentbased graduates. The third issue discussed learning.
The fourth issue was about the involvement of communities and students in implementing campus sustainability programs. An example of the applied concept was involving students in providing learning experiences to children about nature. The fifth issue was an issue emphasizing commitment building on environmental sustainability in all systems. In principle, the movement to maintain environmental sustainability was carried out so that future generations would not run out of biological resources for their survival.
The green campus was actually an effort to maintain the campus sustainability so that the existing campus environment resources could continue to be sustainable. This concept was started from campus since the campus communities were potential communities to implement the concept. Rahayu Effendi, Hana Salsabila, Abdul Malik [14] provided a number of alternative understandings about the sustainable environment. The conclusion they took regarding the understanding of sustainable environment was "as a condition of balance, resilience, and connection that enabled humans to meet their needs without exceeding the capacity of the supporting ecosystem and be able to regenerate to continue to be able to meet the needs of the future." Further details of the sustainable environment are as follows [15] Referring to the understanding presented by Peggy F. Barlett and Geoffrey W. Chase as the editors and presentation of Rahayu Effendi, Hana Salsabila, Abdul Malik, there was a similarity in which both of them maintained environmental sustainability to meet the needs of the lives of the next generation.

UI GreenMetric World University Ranking
UI GreenMetric is a reference for Undip in an effort to maintain the sustainability of Undip campus environment [16]. UI GreenMetric is a moral movement initiated by University of Indonesia in the form of a university ranking at the national and international levels related to environmental issues [ This component is based on the consideration that universities have the potential to create awareness of the new generation with sustainability issues. The assessed indicators include: " 1. The ratio of sustainability courses towards total courses/subjects 2. The ratio of sustainability research funding towards total research funding 3. Number of scholarly publications on environment and sustainability published 4. Number of scholarly events related to environment and sustainability 5. Number of student organizations related to environment and sustainability 6. Existence of a university-run sustainability website 7. Existence of published sustainability report" Based on the six components of UI GreenMetric WUR assessment, it is overall known to accommodate a variety of sustainability issues discussed by the campus communities in the United States in the 1990s. The issue that does not appear explicitly in UI GreenMetric WUR is the curriculum about the environment applied to all study programs.

Sustainability Management at Diponegoro University
In the previous presentation, various environmental impacts that occurred after Undip central campus moved to Tembalang were depicted. Various research has been conducted. From the results of research related to the issue about the sustainability of Undip campus environment through the website, it was known that the background of the researchers were students and lecturers. They came from Undip and outside Undip, including Gadjah Mada University and Sugiyapranata Catholic University. All Undip components had attempted to overcome various problems while trying various actions at the same time. The following presentation was a variety of research results and documents that represented the efforts Undip had made towards the green campus.
Suardi explained that the implementation of sustainable development was optimal, but it is a balanced development between natural resources and humans [21]. The results of the research carried out revealed that Undip had made an effort to make the living environment on campus run in harmony with its environment.
Irma Dewi Hapsari, Nugroho Sumarjiyanto BM, Evi Yulia Purwanti used UI GreenMetric WUR reference to analyze the implementation of green campus in Undip environment. According to them, the program has been implemented well, but has not been thoroughly integrated. Hence, Undip has not achieved the title as a sustainable campus. They suggested that Undip achieved the predicate with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis tool, namely: "(1) Applying campus environment management sustainability budget, (2) Applying green building concept, (3) Implement recycling program for university waste, (4) Implement water conservation program, (5) Providing campus bus facilities for staff and students, as well as (6) Promoting organization" It was subsequently mentioned that special budget planning was needed for the green campus program so that the program truly provided positive benefits for the environment, economy, and social [22]. Edi Purwanto and Bambang Setioko reviewed and analyzed the green open space layout at Undip. It was one of the indicators of green campus concept. Their results unveil that [23]: "(1)Tembalang Campus of Diponegoro University has fulfilled several aspects of planning and design principles. despite the uneven management and structuring system." About Afforestation. Some results of the research on efforts to maintain the sustainability of Undip campus unveiled that it still needed optimal efforts so that Undip as a green campus could be truly realized. The efforts to maintain the sustainability of Undip campus environment could be seen from various activities that had been carried out since the early 2000s. The afforestation movement initiated by Undip headquarters began in 2004 by involving Corporate Social Responsibility [24]. The Afforestation Movement was planned at Undip in 2011 by the Rector then led by Prof. Sudharto P. Hadi [25]. The efforts to sustain the campus environment had been instilled in the students since they became new students. The purpose of this policy is to take responsibility for maintaining a beautiful and comfortable campus environment for learning. The procedure is to give them the task of growing green plants. It is expected that the plants will grow big when they graduate as Bachelor [26][27][28].
About Reservoir. Undip through a grant from the Ministry of Public Works of Directorate General of Water Resources in 2013 built an education reservoir. This reservoir can be used to maintain the balance of ecosystems and environment, flood control in the area around Undip Tembalang campus, as well as educational media for students from the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Chemistry, Environment, Fisheries and Marine, Magister Degree of Dam. Other benefits of this dam are as power plant and recreational facilities [29,30].
About Drinking Water and Transportation. The research as an effort to get drinking water for Undip environment has been carried out by M. Arief Budihardjo, Wiharyanto Oktiawan, Bayu Sapto Ajie [31] According to them, this effort was highly possible with a strong commitment from various parties in Undip environment. Meanwhile, from the aspect of transportation, it has been reviewed by Nasruddin and Anita Sari R [32]. Their results in 2014 illustrated that 62 percent of students chose to use motorcycle transportation, while the remaining 38 percent used public transportation. Various variables including the absence of a driving license or motorized vehicle caused some students to choose to take public transportation. They suggested that the local government immediately conducts comfortable and safe mass vehicles that can quickly arrive at their destination. At this time, Semarang Government has operated mass public transportation called Feeder. The transportation has now been extended to Semarang State University (Unnes) campu [33].
About Campus Forest and Campus Waste. Diponegoro University in cooperation with Pertamina realized the existence of Campus Forest. It is located on the edge of Undip Tembalang campus. The area of Undip Tembalang campus is around 180 hectares. 70 percent of the area is used as Green Open Space (RTH) area. This was a manifestation of Undip's concern for the preservation of nature and environment [34]. Another concern undertaken by Undip was related to waste management generated from the campus environment. Undip, supported by the Ministry of Environment, has been working on the construction of an integrated waste treatment facility (TPST) since 2013. The place is used to manage waste which is a burden on landfills (TPA). It is known that the plan has been realized and operated [35,36].
Kurniawan Akbar, Yanuar Luqman, Djoko Setiabudi argued that "green university policy is a combination of three elements namely green building, green place, and green behavior applied to the academic community" [39]. All three could be done if conducted through the right strategic communication strategy. With this strategy, the policy could be implemented optimally. This strategy was in line with public policy theory by George C. Edward III [40].

Diponegoro University's Performance in UI GreenMetric WUR
Green campus was an extremely popular concept in the college environment in the United States in the mid-1990s. Their seriousness towards the environmental sustainability was evidenced by at least six universities from the United States in the top ten UI GreenMetric from 2010 to 2019.
University of Indonesia has initiated awards to universities around the world that have criteria as a green campus under the name UI GreenMetric World University Ranking (WUR). The ranking assessment is based on the commitment and efforts made by universities in afforestation and environmental sustainability. The rating assessment has been started since 2010 involving 95 universities from domestic and abroad. Diponegoro University is one of the participants in the event since the 2012 assessment.  Table 1 and Table 2 depicted Undip's achievements as one of the universities in Indonesia concerned with environmental sustainability from 2012 to 2019. Based on the table's views, it was known that Undip's ranking nationally seemed stable. This achievement was obtained because this university was committed to the efforts to maintain the campus environmental sustainability [37]. The campus environmental sustainability was set in Diponegoro University's Strategic Plan 2015 -2019 [38]. Nevertheless, internationally, Undip's position compared to the increase in numbers of all participants internationally showed a decrease. These achievements indicated that Undip still needed to optimize the commitment of all components in realizing a green campus.

Conclusion
Based on the previous description, it could be concluded that Diponegoro University as an autonomous state university had no light responsibilities in maintaining the campus sustainability. As a state university, this university must be active and innovative in order to obtain funding sources for the university's survival, including the environmental sustainability. The achievements as a green campus still need to be improved optimally by continuously evaluating the results of the ranking through UI GreenMetric WUR.