The Analyze of Collaborative Management Perspective of Petungkriyono Forest

. Forest Ecosystem has a significant role in assuring food security and sovereignty as well as national defense and security. Sustainable forest management is an effective framework to reduce and to add fuel to the impact of Green Houses Gas (GHG) emission changes. Petungkriyono is one of the last tropical forests in Java and provides biodiversity including rare flora and fauna. This area stores outstanding biodiversity that must be maintained, managed utilized to give meaning to humanity. The objective of this study is to analyze how a collaborative management perspective implemented in Petungkriyono as alternative policies that can be recommended to the government. This research shows that a collaborative management perspective significant factor to obtain sustainable development. Further application collaborative management approach recommended with the support of the government on the policy, rules, and human resource development. Through co-management, it was expected to improve the understanding of what people wanted, helped people to identify the issues, arranged the completion priority, increased commitment, social awareness independence. The collaboration between the private sector, local government, and community empowerment a particularly important factor in the success of sustainability management. collaborative management in Petungkriyono as alternative policies that can be to the


INTRODUCTION
According to the topography in Java Island, 92% of the surface of Java Island on 1000 above sea level, 7% are 1000-2000 above sea level, and about 0.7% are on ≥2000 above sea level; where all of them are active or non-active volcano mountains [10]. One of the forest areas, having high biodiversity and becoming the last protection for the ecosystem in Java Island, is the Petungkriyono forest. The vast of the Petungriyono forest is 5388.7 Ha and ±1300 above sea level, including the lower mountain forest. Geographically, it is located in the south of Pekalongan regency and abuts on Dieng Mountain. Administratively, the Petungkriyono forest has a status of protected forest and limited production forest, managed by Forest Management Unit of Perhutani KPH of East Pekalongan. To find the most appropriate policy that can be implemented to conserve the balance of the ecosystem in the Petungkriyono forest, one of the efforts is to understand the analysis of collaborative management perspective.
Sustainable forest management contributes positively to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Rehabilitation of degraded forests and lands will increase the capacity of the forest to absorb and store carbon which ultimately improves the resilience of forest ecosystems against climate change [2]. One of the challenges faced by policymakers is how to assess the value of natural resources comprehensively. In this case, it is not only the market value of goods produced by forest ecosystems but also the service of it [5].
The collaboration between the private sector, local government, and community empowerment a particularly important factor in the success of sustainability management. Environmental education can encourage active involvement and greater public participation. Management's decision to include local input will be more successful and gain greater political support.
One of the participations and partnership in the environmental approach was known as collaborative management or co-management. The defined co-management as the real power-sharing between local managers and government so each side could control the deviation that would be done by other sides. While, co-management could be defined as responsibility-sharing between related parties, such as government, society to manage resources, the environment. Furthermore, the implementation of co-management could be gradual/ varied from informing to until the society could control all of the management as community control [9]. Co-management was a pluralist approach to manage the natural resources by multi-stakeholders in variation role to reach the purpose of environmental conservation, sustainable utilization of natural resources and a fair share of advantages and responsibility between some leveling/stratifications of co-management.
Co-management was based on participation approach and partnership that focused on 3 things, i.e.: (1) Social justice, (2) Sustainable utilization of natural resources (3) Implementation of the local people initiative. The implementation level of co-management was started from consensus searching until responsibility [3].
The objective of this study is to analyze how a collaborative management perspective implemented in Petungkriyono as alternative policies that can be recommended to the government.

Study Area
The research was done in the forest area, Petungkriyono District, Pekalongan Regency, which was divided into 9 Sub-Districts. This study is located at 7°08'30" S -109°44'39" E in the Petungkriyono Forest, Pekalongan Regency, Central Java, Indonesia (figure 1). The forest cover of Petungkriyono is about 73.2% (5347.5 Ha) from its total land 7358 Ha.  There are two aspects influenced as follows to act for something or doing the action and to observe the activity impact. The action can be an idea or concept that a group or community was done. For minimizing the lack of measurement, 4 steps that needed to do i.e.: First is, arranging the indicators that were in detail and measured quantitatively, second is doing the measurement of stakeholder's perception before and after the stimulus. The third is doing the comparison study between sampling activities to compare and understand some factors that affected to collaborative management. Fourth is doing quantitative analysis as a basis of a justification measurement result.
The working hypothesis that was submitted on this research, First is co-management application was affected by stakeholder participation, area of vegetation cover economic benefits; second the factor of good pre-condition, good condition mechanism.

Collaborative Management Perspective
While applying the co-management to resolve the environmental problems, it needed to be done holistically by giving priority to the principles of togetherness, sharing, and trust. Mitchell (1997 and2000) stated that togetherness and equality were important principles of co-management, along with togetherness and equality. When they came along together, it was expected to exist sharing and participation.
Collaborative management (co-management) as a partnership-based approach was developed as a response to the weaknesses of previous approaches, such as state-based and community-based in environmental management. On the two of the first approach (statebased), the most basic weaknesses were a lack of social participation, and the communitybased approach was the factors of ability and funding became the main obstacle [8].
This participation was an important element in environmental management because of participation would guarantee program sustainability. As stated above Collaborative Management Perspective, the approaches of environmental management in Petungkriyono there were some fours conditioned to be concerned about depth used i.e figure 3: According to Theory/ Concept perspective of Co-management, the existing condition of Petungkriyono forest management is still not optimal yet by applying the Sustainable Development Goals System (SDGs), which is the forest area that is in de facto in a form of the natural forest but in de jure it is a limited production of 105 forest area and few of protected forest area. So, while it happens the tree loggings and the transfer of forest status becomes cultivate an area of potato farming that affects the decreasing quality of the forest. It cannot be proceeded legally due to its designation.

2.
Art/ Local wisdom According to Regulation Aspect that has been done by Local Government, in Petungkriyono management is still focus on increasing the locally-generated revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah -PAD) through eco-tourism aspect and improvement of facilities and infrastructure, and they don't count the aspect of environmental sustainability for nextgeneration yet. So, it needs the judicial review about the regulation of Petungkriyono forest management by integrating the climate change adaptation into the development planning.
According to Arts/Local wisdom, people in Petungkriyono has the local wisdom to manage the forest, so it can stand until it now becomes the only natural forest in Java Island. If we review from the local wisdom aspect, where people keep enjoy the natural condition for what it is and maintained for the next generation affected the development as efforts to increase the welfare of farmers and people around the forest. The development has changed people's thought that lives in the forest and they are influenced by people outside their community. The negative impact is when local wisdom has been influenced by an outside culture so it changes people's mindset, from a natural lifestyle, becomes a metropolitan lifestyle around the forest to fulfill their needs. It causes damage forest ecosystem and it is more difficult to control.
Through the approach of a collaboration management application in the management of Petungkriyono natural forest, by holding three main principles of collaboration management, such as togetherness or equality, sharing, and trust. It is needed to bring a positive effect on people to take care of their forests to be sustainable. Some factors that are influenced by the application of co-management in the Petungkriyono forest, i.e.: Good pre-condition, Good condition mechanism, Right space dimension, Local people's steadiness Human factor.
Management of Petungkriyono forest nowadays still does not give priority to the synergy between bottom-up and top-down, as can be seen in the table below: The problem mapping was done to identify some issues that became the cause of not yet optimal forest area management in Petungkriyono. Based on the result of issues identification so the formulation of the issues was: a. Regional Management Model.
1) The forest area management model that was not right yet.
2) The community engagement was still not optimal yet.
3) PHBM pattern that was not yet synergies to develop the forest area. b. Leadership.
1) Weak supervision of protection and security in the forest area.
2) Less of firmness in handling illegal hunting, land occupation illegal logging.
3) Lack of performance of the area manager apparatus to manage the tenure conflict. c. Human Resources 1) Low human resources around the forest area.
2) Not functioning Forest Village Community Organization.
3) The low economic level of people around the forest area. 4) Lack of information access, facilities, and infrastructures around the forest area. d. Intersectoral 1) Lack of coordination for forest management activities.
2) Lack of stakeholder roles in handling the cases that happened to protect forest and nature conservation.

3) Lack of a shared program that involves all stakeholders for forest management. e. Area Status
1) The monopoly of forest tenure by Perhutani.
2) The existence of authority transfer rules in the forestry sector.
3) Forest area status in a form of limited production forest. From those problem's mapping, it could be concluded to describe the main problem used three indicators according to Rachel Porter and Adam Mansky 2010. Those three parameters were used as material to score the problems that needed to be solved (priority). Description of that three parameters (urgency, growth, and relevance) and their indicators and scores could be seen in Table 2. An element of the main problem's priority according to the matrix of problem's strength analysis lack of forest protection, conservation utilization of natural forest potency in the Petungkriyono forest area (Table.3) Priority strata of problem-solving determined by the method as follow: Highest value = Σ Indicator x Highest weight = 5 x 3 = 14 Lowest value = Σ Indicator x 1 = 6 x 1 = 6 Range = Range = 8/3 = 2.7 Class Priority Strata: Priority III: 6 -8.7 Priority II: 8.8 -11.5 Priority I: 11,6-14,3 Along with the statement of Jensen and Nielsen (1997), Feyerabend (2000) also stated that people and the government's willingness to apply co-management was related to each side's perspective. From the governmental side, environmental management would be done according to a partnership deal with other parties (to avoid conflict) if it happened one more condition below: 1. Active commitment and collaboration of each side were needed the environmental management; 2. Access to the environment was needed to guarantee the life sustainability of one or more sides; 3. Local actors had a historical legal right to the environment; 4. Local interests strongly carried effect to the decision of environmental management; 5. System of environmental management today did not result in the expected condition and either fulfill the needs of local actors; 6. All parties were ready to collaborate.
People's point of view that had access privileges to the environment tended to follow the agreement of co-management if following conditions happen: First, the power of nonlocal actors to push their access environmental management without regard to traditional rules, and 2) Environmental management practices were categorized as not sustainable environmental management. Second, Co-management tried to accommodate the interest of various parties who had interests in the environment. On the principle, the basic of comanagement application was authority and advantage sharing. Practically, all steps that were started from initiative until the benefit distribution was important to be put forward of the responsibility sharing between stakeholders and active community.
Environmental management by the community in Petungkriyono nowadays still uses Bottom-Up Community Principle, which is by share profit mechanism between the landowners and the cultivators. But this condition often creates internal conflict in society. By the approach of collaboration management, it is expected to minimize the obstacles and other issues so it will guarantee the preservation of the natural forest. The benefits of collaborative management are: 1. Increase the knowledge and understanding between stakeholders. 2. Increase the trust between stakeholders. 3. Convince the stakeholders to collaborates. 4. Develop the capacity of stakeholders. 5. Create a communication network and mechanism of activities. 6. Do the benefit share.
By the Co-management approach, to resolve the gaps between government (top-down) and community (bottom-up), it is done the incorporation between Central/ Area Government with the wishes of the local community. So, it will accommodate community aspiration to increase the prosperity of Petungkriyono people. One of the participations and partnership in the environmental approach was known as co-management. Pinkerton (1993) defined comanagement as the real power-sharing between local managers and government so each side could control the deviation that would be done by other sides. Co-management could be defined as responsibility-sharing between related parties, such as government, society to manage resources or environment, furthermore, implementation of co-management could be gradual/ varied from informing to the society until the society could control all of the management as community control, between those two elements, there were some leveling/stratifications of co-management, started from consultation to partnership [9]. There were two (2) things that became co-management applications.
First, pre-condition that showed the environmental damages in a certain location or environmental conflict. Second, there was a guarantee that hope and benefit of the parties involved could be accommodated [6].
According to Mitchell (2000), co-management needed some condition that was a precondition of co-management success, those preconditions were shown in Table 4. Besides those elements, co-management applications would be influenced by the condition of sociocultural and politics happened in a certain country and community. For example, during the reign of old order the government's role was strongly dominant, comanagement was not effective to be applied. The succeeded cases of co-management applications in other countries indicated that there was equality of roles and mutual trust growth between government, community business world. The application of co-management was mean as a willingness to empower local society, self-supporting, independent social justice. Through co-management, it was expected to improve the understanding of what people wanted, helped people to identify the issues, arranged the completion priority, increased commitment, social awareness and independent, decreased dependency and actualized the empowerment on the community involvement [4].
The study was concluded that the co-management approach in Petungkriyono here were alternatives to forest management that needed to achieve by using, i.e.: First, Socio Culture created natural forest as National Park with the concept of National Heritage. Second, Techno Forestry created the area of natural forest as a natural Laboratory of climate change. Third, Ecotourism, created natural forest as eco-tourism area, for both mass tourism and educational tourism. Fourth, Branding or as an icon of Pekalongan Regency by a unique characteristic of Javanese flora fauna in natural forest.

CONCLUSION
This research shows that a collaborative management perspective significant factor to obtain sustainable development. Further application collaborative management approach recommended with the support of the government on the policy, rules, and human resource development. The application of co-management at Petungkriyono as a willingness to empower local society, self-supporting, independent social justice. Through co-management, it was expected to improve the understanding of what people wanted, helped people to identify the issues, arranged the completion priority, increased commitment, social awareness independence. The collaboration between the private sector, local government, and community empowerment a particularly important factor in the success of sustainability management.