The Contrastive Analysis of Inchoative Aspect of Japanese and Indonesian Language

. Compound verb – dasu in Japanese language, adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru (just) in Indonesian language are marks of inchoative aspect. This research aims to describe the difference and similarity of those three marks of inchoative aspect. The method applied in this research is intralingual padan method. As the result of the research, it is proven that compound verb – dasu and adverb baru are focusing on the beginning of an activity or alteration, meanwhile adverb mulai (start) is a sign of the beginning of an event with an exact finished oriented. Compound verb – dasu , adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru can be constructed as activity verb and punctual verb, both volitional and non volitional with animate and inanimate as the subject. Then, the differences are compound verb – dasu shows the beginning of an event that happens suddenly, meanwhile the adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) do not; beside, the adverb mulai (start) can be modified as stative verb, adjective and noun, meanwhile compund verb – dasu can not. compund dasu, adverb .


Introduction
Japanese and Indonesian language have a special system in expressing time in a sentence. Aspect is method to view the formation of internal time in a situation, circumstance, event, or process [1]. One of the subjects of aspect is inchoative aspect, which is an aspect that emphasizes the beginning of a situation [2].
In Japanese language the inchoative aspect is identified by gramatical category in morphological form, for example in compound verb (fukugou doushi) -hajimeru, -dasu, and -kakeru and in sytaxis form, such as in -you to suru; meanwhile in Indonesian language it is identified by lexical component in the form of adverb mulai (start) and baru (just). This can be a difficulty to Japanese language learner in applying the time identifier in Japanese language which can be various.
The previous study regarding inchoative aspect of Japanese language has been conducted before by the writer herself [3]. As the result of the research, it can be concluded that -hajimeru is a marker of inchoative aspect to identify the beginning of events in general; compound verb -dasu is an identifier for events or activities that start suddenly; meanwhile, the compound verb -kakeru as an identifier of the activities that will be begin *Corresponding author: elizabethikahesti@lecturer.undip.ac.id and shortly after the events are begun but then discontinued. The difference between the previous study and this newly conducted study is this research will only be comparing one compound verb -dasu of inchoative aspect marker with inchoative aspect of Indonesian language with adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) as the markers.
The objectives of the research is to describe the similarity and difference between inchoative aspect of Japanese language with compound verb -dasu as the marker and inchoative aspect of Indonesian language with adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) as the markers.

Methods
This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The methods applied in this research are described as the following. In data providing step, Simak method is conducted with Sadap technique and continued with note taking method. In analyzing the data step, the method used is padan intralingual method, which is an analysis method that connecting and comparing the lingual elements, both found in a single language or various different languages. The Padan method used in this research is padan translational method which its the determining device is another language, in this case is Indonesian language. Then, the result of this research will be presented in informal method. Presenting the result of the analysis using informal method is presenting the data with casual vocabularies [4].

Inchoative Aspect of Japanese Language
The aspect marker can be found in verb category; therefore the verb classification regarding this research will be explained first as preceding discussion. According to its movement nature, Kindaichi divided verbs into activity verb (keizoku doushi), punctual verb (shunkan doushi), stative verb (joutai doushi), and the 4th type verb (daiyonshu doushi) [5], and based on the existence of the subject's intention, verbs are divided into volitional verb (ishi doushi) and non volitional verb (muishi doushi).

Compound Verb -dasu
Compound verb -dasu is a form that signifies the beginning of an activity, action, or a event that starts suddenly [6]. In accordance to that idea, Iori also stated the same thing, that compound verb -dasu is generally used for an activity or event that starts suddenly [7]. By observing the subject, compound verb -dasu can signify the beginning of an activity which inanimate or even human's physiological phenomenon as the subject of the activity. But, according to Nitta, compound verb -dasu is more frequently applied to signify the natural phenomenon that has an alteration effect, not based on subject's intention [8].
Compound verb -dasu can be constructing well with volitional and non volitional verb as furu (fall), fuku (blow), nagareru (flow), naku (cry), okoru (angry), etc. To signify the sudden event, compound verb -dasu can be followed by adverb kyuuni, totsuzen, toutou, tsuini, etc. In accordance to the previous explanation, Ichikawa argued that compound verb -dasu can be attached to both volitional and non volitional verb, as can be seen in the following examples [6]. According to Ichikawa, compound verb -dasu is focusing on the beginning point of an activity or an alteration. [6] 1. [7,91] "Rain was starting to fall." 2.
[6,149] "The kid, who used to be able only crawling, suddenly started to walk since yesterday. In sentence 1, non volitional verb furu (fall) is being attached by compound verb -dasu in past form -ta; and the sentence signifies the natural phenomenon that is the rain which starts to fall suddenly. In sentence 2, the volitional verb aruku (walk) attaches to compound verb -dasu that is constructing with past form -ta. In this sentence, the level of volitional verb aruku is low because akachan as the subject is doing his walking activity spontaneously (jihatsu). Sentence 2 signifies the meaning of sudden activity of the baby, who used to be able only crawling, who can start walking suddenly (subject) yesterday.
Kato added that compound verb -dasu is not only constructing along with activity verb, but also with punctual verb, with a provision that the activity or alteration happen at the same time, so that that activity or alteration can be seen as a whole same process. For example can be seen as following. 3.
[9] "The lamp suddenly went off one by one." In sentence 3, punctual verb kieru (go off) attaches to compound verb -dasu which is constructing with past form -ta. The attachment of compound verb -dasu to previous sentence shows the process of a lamp which is starting to go off suddenly; and noun of number hitotsu hitotsu (one by one) signifies the beginning of those lamps when starting to go off one by one.
In this research, the characteristic of inchoative aspect of Japanese language with compound verb -dasu as the marker is discovered as following.

4.
[10,39] "I started to have a fight with my wife at seven this morning, and then at nine, I flung the door "brak" and jumped out suddenly." The verb tobu (jump) in sentence 4 is a volitional activity verb. Verb tobu is attached by compound verb -dasu and auxiliary verb -te shimau in past form. The attachment of compound verb -dasu in sentence 4 is depicting the activity of boku (I) as the subject who starts to jump out suddenly after flung the door because having a fight with his wife.

5.
[10,39] "When the male teacher started to walk away upon his old pair of shoes with the sound "pak, pak", the children started to laugh suddenly." The verb warau (laughing) in sentence 5 is a non volitional activity verb. The verb warau which gets attached by compound verb -dasu signifies a laughing activity of minna (all children) as the subject, which happens suddenly, after the male teacher walked away with his shoes echoing "pak pak" sound. 6.
[10, 62] "Chebutoykin just woke up suddenly from his short nap in the floor, after he had his supper, and then he went to the hall, patted his heel, sat down on a desk and read the newspaper he got from his own pocket." The verb okiru (wake up) in sentence 6 is a non volitional punctual verb. Verb okiru that gets attached by compound verb -dasu signifies inchoative aspect which means (wake up) suddenly. On the whole sentence 6 signifies that subject Chebutoykin who just woke up suddenly from his short nap, from his initial position which is lying on the floor, then went to the hall, and tapped his heel, then read the newspaper.

7.
[11, 110] "She flashed the special light in here and illuminated the light in a new way." Verb terasu (illuminate) in sentence 7 is a non volitional activity verb. Verb terasu which is attached by compound verb -dasu signifies inchoative aspect which means (started to illuminate) suddenly. Overall, sentence 7 signifies that subject kanojo is illuminating the dim place by her way this time.

Inchoative Aspect in Indonesian Language
Tadjuddin [12] used the form adverb of time to explain about the aspect and called it as the aspectuality adverb. Where the adverb itself is sintaxycally bounded to the main word, as the adverb of verb and adverb of adjective.
Tadjuddin argued that, internal time adverb (limited) that signifies inchoative aspect consists of word mulai (start) and baru (just). The example can be seen as following. 8. Salah seorang karyawan yang menjadi korban keracunan mengatakan, setelah menyantap makanan itu dirinya mulai merasakan mulas dan tiga kali buang air besar (SK). [12,282] (The worker who is one of poisoning victims said that after he ate the food, he started to feel the heartburn and needed to go to bathroom three times.) 9. Waktu itu saya menjadi gelisah dan baru merasa tenang setelah saya kirimi dia uang untuk menunjukkan bahwa secara moral saya sudah tidak terikat lagi olehnya (TA). [12,282] (At that time, I felt so restless before and after I sent a sum of money to him to announce that my relationship with him was over, I could be peaceful at last.) Adverb of limited time in sentence 8 shows the beginning of "merasakan mulas" (heartburn) of the worker after he ate his meal; and adverb baru (just) in sentence 9 shows the beginning process of "tenang" (peaceful) condition of the subject after he sent a sum of money to announce the relationship between him and the receiver is over.
In this data research, the characteristic of inchoative aspect of Indonesian language with adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) as the marker is found and listed below.

Adverb Mulai (Start)
The data below is the analysis of inchoative aspect of Indonesia language with adverb mulai (start) as the signifier. 10. Keenan lalu meraih buku sketsanya yang masih baru, meraih peralatannya yang masih tersimpan di dalam tas, dan ia mulai menggambar dengan tekun. [13,40] (Keenan reached out for his new sketch book , got his equipment that still in his bag, and started to draw diligently.) In sentence 10, adverb mulai (start) modifies volitional activity verb "menggambar" (draw), where adverb mulai (start) in the sentence is signifying the beginning stage of "menggambar" (drawing) activity done by subject Keenan, after he got his sketch book and the required equipment from his bag. 11. Awan mendung yang sejak tadi bergelantungan mulai merintikkan selapis gerimis tipis. [13,59] (The cloudy sky that has been around for a while was starting to pour the rain.) In sentence 11, adverb mulai (start) modifies non volitional activity verb "merintikkan" (pour), where adverb mulai (start) in the sentence is signifying the beginning process of raining. So, the whole sentence 11 implies natural phenomenon as the subject "awan mendung" (cloudy sky) starts to fall after being cloudy for a while. 12. Buru-buru Pak Somad mematikan rokok kreteknya, lalu mulai memanggili anak-anak yang tercerai-berai di sekitar masjid. [13,89) (Pak Somad finish his cigarette in a hurry, then started to call out his children who scattered around the mosque.) In sentence 12, adverb mulai (start) modifies volitional punctual activity verb "memanggil" (call) that is added by suffix -i, which can show the iterative meaning of "memanggili". Adverb mulai (start) in the sentence is signifying the beginning process of repetitional activity conducted by pak Somad who "memanggili" calling his children, that scattered around the mosque, after he finished his cigarrete. 13. Kugy mulai menyadari sesuatu. [13,55] (Kugy started to realize something) In sentence 13, adverb mulai (start) modifies non volitional stative verb "menyadari" (realize), where adverb mulai (start) in the sentence is signifying the beginning process of "menyadari" (realize). So, the whole sentence 13 implies that Kugy as the subject starts to realize something. 14. Pandangannya mulai mengabur. [13,196] (Her sight was getting blurry.) In sentence 14, adverb mulai (start) modifies non volitional stative verb "mengabur" (blur), where adverb mulai (start) in the sentence is signifying the beginning process of "mengabur" (blur). So, the whole sentence 14 implies that the subject whose name is not explained starts to feel that her sight is getting blurry. 15. Saya mulai optimis, nih. Apa syarat berikutnya?" [13,269] (I feel optimistic. What is the next requirement?) In sentence 15, adverb mulai (start) modifies noun "optimis" (optimist), where adverb mulai (start) in the sentence is signifying the beginning process of optimistic behavior. So, the whole sentence 15 implies that saya (I) as the subject starts to feel optimistic and asking about the required requirement. 16. Melihat itu, Eko juga mulai khawatir. [13,19] (Seeing that, Eko was also getting worried.) In sentence 16, adverb mulai (start) modifies adjective "khawatir" (worry), where adverb mulai (start) in the sentence is signifying the beginning process of "khawatir" (worry) that done by subject Eko after witnessing such thing.

Adverb Baru (Just)
The following data is the analysis of inchoative aspect of Indonesian language with adverb baru (just) as the marker or signifier. 17. Kugy menyadari sesuatu ketika baru pindah ke Jakarta, dimana pun ia tinggal, ia selalu menemukan air mengalir dekat rumahnya. [13,12] (Kugy realized that when she just moved in Jakarta, wherever she stayed, she will be able to find the flowing stream around her home.) In sentence 17, adverb baru (just) is modifying volitional punctual verb "pindah", where adverb baru (just) in the sentence above signifies the initial alteration as the result of move out activity. So, the whole sentence 17 implies that Kugy as the subject is realizing that she just moved into and stayed in Jakarta, and that wherever she lives, she will be able to find flowing stream around her home. 18. Tersadar bahwa baru kali itulah ia menggambar begitu banyak untuk seorang yang baru dikenalnya tadi sore. [13,40] (He was aware that it was his first time, drawing something in such huge amount of quantity just for someone he just knew this afternoon.) In sentence 18, adverb baru (just) is modifying non volitional stative verb "kenal" in passive form, where adverb baru (just) in the sentence signifies the early stage of acknowledging process. So, the whole sentence 18 above signifies that the subject is having a realization that it is the first time he ever drew in such huge amount of quantity for someone he just met. 19. Setelah menghabiskan nasinya, barulah Karel angkat bicara. [13,403] (After finishing his meal, then Karel was starting to talk.) In sentence 19, adverb baru (just) is modifying verb phrase which shows volitional activity with idiomatic meaning "angkat bicara", where adverb baru (just) in the sentence signifies the beginning process of "angkat bicara" activity. So, overall the whole sentence 19 signifies that subject Karel is starting to talk after finishing his meal.

Conclusion
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that compound verb -dasu and adverb mulai (start) and baru (just), both are signifying the beginning of an activity or alteration. Compound verb -dasu and adverb baru (just) and mulai (start) are focusing on the beginning of an activity or alteration. Compound verb -dasu and adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) can be constructing with activity verb and punctual verb, both volitional and non volitional with animate and inanimate as the subject. Then, the difference between compound verb -dasu as the marker of inchoative aspect of Japanese language and adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) as the marker of inchoative aspect of Indonesian language are explained as following. Compound verb -dasu is used to signify the beginning of an activity or event that happens suddenly, meanwhile adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) are not. Adverb mulai (start) can modify stative verb, adjective and noun, meanwhile compound verb -dasu can not.