Formation of meat productivity, nutritional value and suitability of beef for baby food

The research was carried out on the farms of the raw material zone of the Branch "Tikhoretsky Canned Meat Plant" of DANON RUSSIA JSC in two districts of the Krasnodar Territory. Experimental data on the productivity of bull-calves of dairy-meat black-and-white breed and its cross-breed with bulls of Kalmyk beef breed. In the "Rubin" farm of the Goryacheklyuchevsky district, the productivity of beef cattle of the Charolais breed was studied. In the study of raw meat for baby food, a comparative assessment of the quality and food safety of beef from black-and-white bulls; cross between black-and-white and Kalmyk breeds; Charolais breed was carried out. In terms of protein quality indicator (6.5), beef from Charolais bulls exceeded the rest (6.16 and 5.8). The Charolais breed has the best protein composition (19.8 g / kg of lysine, the limiting amino acid for the child's body). In terms of safety indicators, taking into account the maximum permissible levels of residual amounts of pesticides, toxic elements, antibiotics, meat raw materials from black-and-white bulls and a cross with the Kalmyk breed met the requirements of the interstate standard for raw materials for baby food.


Introduction
Beef remains the basis for the production of baby food. The number of beef cattle in Russia is insignificant. Beef production in our country is carried out through the breeding of dairy animals and combined production type. The share of beef from beef calves is about 2% of its total production [1].
The reserves for increasing the production of high-quality beef are an increase in the number of herds of beef cattle and industrial crossing of dairy and meat-and-dairy production breeds with beef bulls.
The level of meat productivity of cattle for the production of baby food, the quality and nutritional value of beef depend on the genetic potential (breed), the level and type of feeding and the conditions of keeping. Each of these factors has a certain effect on the morphological composition of the carcass, physicochemical and organoleptic indicators of the quality of raw meat, which can be characterized in different ways [2].
Crossbreeds surpass their maternal peers in terms of Pre-slaughter live weight, slaughter yield, feed conversion rate and quality of beef [3].
Due to the shortage of beef cattle, the production of beef suitable for baby and functional nutrition is possible, first of all, due to environmentally friendly technologies of growing and fattening bulls sold for meat [4].
Some researchers attach particular importance to consumer sensory perception of the value of beef of similar tenderness, but distinguished by high quality and marbling level [5,6]. Other researchers believe that to assess the quality, physical and chemical properties and taste of meat, it is equally necessary to take into account the requirements of consumers, livestock breeders and the processing industry [7].
The aim of the research was to substantiate the influence of the breed on the productivity, quality and suitability of beef for baby food.

Materials and methods
Comparative studies of productivity, quality and safety of beef from black-andwhite dairy bulls and black-and-white crossbred bulls with Kalmyk beef breed have been carried out at the Bratkovsky Dairy Fattening Complex in the Korenovsky District of the Krasnodar Territory.
Calves were kept in individual huts for up to three months. The keeping of young stock for growing and fattening is loose in a sectional building with the same type of feeding in winter, and in a warm period -in feedlots.
Young animals in winter were kept in a room on slotted floors with an area of accommodation per head -2.1 m2. In the period of 3-6 months, group cages of 15 heads were used.
Intensively fattening was from 6 months before slaughter at 18 months. The ration in the winter is silage-haylage-concentrate. The ration for one head contained according to the feeding periods, respectively, EFU -7.4; 8.8; 9.7; dry matter -7.5; 8.9; 9.5 kg; crude protein -1.1; 1.3; 1.4 kg; digestible protein -0.7; 0.8; 0.9 kg; crude fiber -1.4; 1.6; 1.7 kg. Feeding diets are balanced for feeding periods with regard to nutritional value. The diet provided a live weight gain for the feeding period 900 -1100 g. The slaughter of bulls of two breeds, which reached slaughter conditions (n = 6), was carried out. Slaughter yield, mass fraction of meat, bones, fat, connective tissue were determined.
Research on beef bulls of the Charolais breed was carried out at the "Rubin" farm of the Goryacheklyuchevsky district of the Krasnodar Territory.
As of September 1, 2019, the Charolais breed of bulls in the beef cattle of the Goryacheklyuchevsky district amounted to 17%. Agricultural lands of this region occupy more than 16 thousand hectares, including 15 hectares of hayfields, more than 13 thousand hectares of arable land and about 2 thousand hectares (12.5%) of pastures, which are rich in herbs.
Bulls up to 8 months were raised according to the "cow-calf" technology. Fattening was carried out with year-round free grazing (up to 10 hours a day).
For feeding animals in winter, the farm uses its own concentrated, coarse and juicy feed. In winter, the diet includes concentrates (1.5-2.5 kg), herb-legume hay, alfalfa haylage and corn silage and licks. In the final period of fattening, up to 4 kg of compound feed was introduced into the diet by reducing bulky feed.
The diet, conditions of feeding and keeping ensured the maximum manifestation of the genetic potential of the breed during the entire feeding period and ensured an increase in live weight of 1000 -1200 g. Control slaughter was carried out for 18 month old bulls (n = 6). The determination of the slaughter qualities of bulls was carried out in accordance with the methodological principles for assessing meat productivity and the quality of meat of cattle [8].
The morphological composition of carcasses, physical and chemical indicators of beef, safety in relation to residual amounts of toxic substances have been determined. The content of complete proteins was determined by the amount of an essential amino acid, tryptophan, and the content of incomplete proteins, by the amount of oxyproline. The protein quality index (PQI) is the ratio of tryptophan to hydroxyproline. Its value characterizes the complete properties of meat proteins.

Results and discussion
Morphological composition of carcasses 18 month old bulls of two breeds, meat yield and carcass composition are presented in Table 1. The Pre-slaughter live weight of 18-month-old bulls from crossing the black-and-white parent breed with Kalmyk beef bulls was significantly, by 5.3%, higher than that of the black-and-white dairy-beef bulls.
The carcasses of crossbred bulls were superior to the carcasses of purebred bulls of the black-and-white breed in terms of the main slaughter indicators: the slaughter weight was 7.8%; slaughter yield -1.4%; carcass yield -1.3%; the yield of boneless beef suitable for baby food -3.1% higher.
The number of bones and tendons, as well as visceral fat in the carcasses of crossbred bulls was less, respectively, by 2.5 and 1.7%.
These indicators confirm the influence of the genetic predisposition of the meat breed in the formation of meat productivity.
The qualitative characteristic of meat productivity is represented by the chemical composition of the longest muscle of bulls of two breeds at the age of 18 months. (Table 2). The tryptophan to hydroxyproline ratio (PQI -protein quality index) of the longest muscle was 5.80 and 6.16, respectively, for beef from black-and-white bulls and its crosses with the Kalmyk breed. In the studies of some authors, the protein quality index of the longissimus dorsi muscle in black-and-white bulls and its crosses was also more than five, which indicates the high quality and biological value of beef [9].
The content of the amino acid lysine, which is limiting for the child's body, in the muscle tissue of the longest muscle of the back, respectively, of black-and-white and crossbreed bulls is 16.04 and 17.26 g / kg (Table 3). The content of essential amino acids in 100 g of protein was from black-and-white bulls 47.4% and a cross between black-and-white and Kalmyk breeds -48.6%, which confirms the high nutritional value of beef.
The mineral composition of the longissimus dorsi muscle is shown in Table 4.  The content of toxic substances in beef and by-products of the 1st category from bulls of two breeds was within the limits allowed by the requirements of the technical regulations of the customs union for baby food, table 5. Note: * "not detected" -below the detection limit of the method; ** -control over the content of dioxins is carried out in cases of deterioration of the ecological situation associated with accidents, man-made and natural disasters leading to the formation of dioxins. Determination of hormonal preparations is carried out on demand based on the information received on their use provided by the manufacturer (supplier) of raw materials when supplied for processing.
In terms of safety indicators, taking into account the maximum permissible levels of residual amounts of pesticides, toxic elements, antibiotics, meat raw materials from beef and dairy black-and-white bulls and a cross with a Kalmyk breed met the requirements of the standard for raw materials for baby food.
The morphological composition of carcasses, meat yield and its chemical composition were studied at 18 month old Charolais bulls (Table 6). Physicochemical composition of the longest muscle of Charolais bulls at the age of 18 months is presented in tables 7 and 8. The PQI of the longest muscle (longissimus dorsi) was 6.5. The content of lysine, a limiting amino acid for a child's body, in the longissimus dorsi muscle was 19.76 g / kg (Table 9). The content of essential amino acids in 100 g of protein was 49.61%. In terms of safety indicators (maximum permissible levels of residual amounts of toxic substances), meat raw materials from bull calves of both farms met the requirements of the interstate standard for baby food.

Conclusion
The requirements for the quality of meat for baby food and its safety have significantly expanded. The principles of HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) are applied in the development of the production technology and quality management [10]. The breed and type of fattening of young cattle affect the productivity, quality and suitability of beef for baby food products (Table 10). Charolais bulls, zoned in the period 2012-2019, were optimally acclimatized in the foothill raw material zone, which was facilitated by the effective use of natural rangelands. Based on the studies carried out and the generalization of the data obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. We found that the physical and chemical characteristics of meat depend on the breed. These results are confirmed by foreign studies that have proven that the quality characteristics of meat depend on the breed and are inherited and can be regulated by selection [11 -15]. 2. By the age of 18 months, Charolais bulls reached a live weight of 580.0 ± 5.1 kg, which, respectively, is 74.7 and 100 kg more than that of black-and-white and black-and-white crossbred bulls from the Kalmyk breed (p≤0.001). In terms of protein quality indicator (6.5), beef from Charolais bulls exceeded the rest (6.16 and 5.8).
3. The Charolais breed has the best protein composition (19.8 g / kg of lysine, the limiting amino acid for the child's body). This allows us to consider the Charolais breed more promising for pasture feeding technology. 4. In terms of safety indicators, taking into account the maximum permissible levels of residual amounts of pesticides, toxic elements, antibiotics, meat raw materials from Charolais bulls, beef and dairy black-and-white and a cross with a Kalmyk breed met the requirements of the interstate standard of Russia for raw materials for baby food and approached GFSI (Global Food Safety Initiative).