Comparative assessment the subsidized housing using LEED, BREEAM and Greenship Neigborhood (Case study: Parung Panjang, West Java, Indonesia)

Indonesia as a country with a large population has challenges in being able to provide housing that applies a sustainable concept but still has to be affordable for the community. Therefore, this research aims to compare the implementation of the three pillars of sustainability from several Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment. The method used in this research is a comparative analysis in assessing the concept of sustainable in subsidized housing and descriptive analysis to provide suggestions for improving the sustainable application in subsidized housing. The assessment carried out by the researchers using direct observation, masterplan interpretation and satellite photo interpretation. The results of the assessment using the Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment of several countries on subsidized housing for Perumnas Parung Panjang obtained silver level from LEED, pass level from BREEAM and bronze level from Greenship. On the other hand, from the aspect of the three pillars of sustainability, it is known that the economic pillars (36.27%) and the environmental pillars (32.14%) have a lower percentage of variable fulfilment compared to the social pillars (61.59%), so that several corrective steps are needed to maximize the application of the concept of sustainable and obtained a better NSA assessment score.


Introduction
The total population of Indonesia which reached 271.07 million in mid-2020, with the average percentage of population in urban areas in Indonesia of 56.7 [3,4]. The large number of human populations living in urban areas creates problems in the context of urban development, including a significant increase in energy consumption, an increase in waste and waste generation, and a reduction in the historical value of the area and local cultural heritage [2]. Therefore, attention to the development of environmentally friendly urban areas should receive higher attention to create a balance between the natural environment, the social environment and the built environment [2].
The sustainable housing index that has been published in Indonesia is the Green Neighborhood published by the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI). The Green Neighborhood Index (GNI) aims to classify the level of sustainability of an area as a green area [6]. Beside that, the number of housing developments in Indonesia is as follows: 69% is subsidized housing construction and 31% is non-subsidized housing construction. From this data, it is known that, the number of subsidized housing construction is greater than 2 times that of the non-subsidized housing construction. Thus, the construction of subsidized housing should also be given greater attention, because more Indonesians need it and later live in subsidized housing areas. A subsidized housing area which is generally built on a fairly large scale, should give attention to the concept of sustainability in it.
In every subsidized housing development, the factor of affordability of the selling price of a house is the main focus, where the level of the selling price must be equal to the purchasing power of the housing market, especially for low-income/low-income communities [8]. On the government policy side, the selling price of subsidized houses has been set by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing in the Decree of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 535/KPTS/M/2019 concerning Limits on Selling Price of Houses that are obtained through Financing Subsidized Home Ownership. This causes affordable housing to be defined as a house that is small in size, uses affordable materials, and is built in an area with cheap land prices in the city perimeter [10,11].
In developing countries, it is seen that Sustainable Housing is a development that is far from affordable / unaffordable for the middle to lower income community, so that efforts to synergize between Sustainability and Affordable Housing are the main challenges in developing countries, with the level of application of the principle of sustainability in subsidized housing which is still at the stage very low [9]. The application of the concept of sustainability to subsidized housing is indeed a major challenge and problem. Environmental, social and economic pillars must consider in a balanced manner to achieve sustainability in the subsidized housing area. The purpose of this research is to compare the implementation of the three pillars of sustainability from several NSAs, so that they can provide a more comprehensive input on improvements to the subsidized housing. This research will focus on assessing the planning design in implementing the Green Neighborhood index on subsidized housing, a comparison of several Green Neighborhood indexes from several countries, namely LEED from the United States, BREEAM from the UK and Greenship from Indonesia with a case study of subsidized housing built by Perumnas in Parung area. Panjang, West Java, Indonesia.
This research is a case study in the subsidized housing of Perumnas Parung Panjang. Perumnas Parung Panjang is a subsidized housing with a total number of occupancy of 10,474 units and obtaining subsidized financing from the government in the form of a Housing Ownership Credit (KPR) ceiling from the bank as a partner providing the Housing Financing Liquidity Facility (FLPP).

Study area
This research will be carried out with a case study in the subsidized housing of Perumnas Parung Panjang which is located at coordinates lat 6° 21' 13.9" S and long 106° 34' 1.5" E. The subsidized housing area covering ± 214 hectares. Perumnas Parung Panjang has developed 4 sectors and the sector 5, which is still in the development stage, so the suggestions from this research used as improvements in the sector that developing.

Data Collection
The data used are primary data from direct observation and secondary data from satellite photos and master plan images of subsidized housing areas. Details of the secondary data sources can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Detail data and the source of the data.

Data Source
Observation data Direct observation, 2020 Drone photos Drone acquisition by researcher , 2020 Master plan area Perumnas (National Housing and Urban Development Company), 2020

Comparative Assessment Analysis
The method used in this study is a comparative analysis using the Green Neighborhood index of several countries to measure the level of implementation of the concept of sustainability, namely: LEED, BREEAM and Greenship [7]. The assessment carried out by the researchers using direct observation, master plan interpretation and remote observation with satellite photo interpretation. The results of the observations used for the assessment according to the indicator points in each index. Point assessment given by matching conditions and data from the field and interpretation with indicators in each NSA. Then a descriptive analysis carried out to identify improvement steps that applied to the case study locations so that the implementation of the concept of sustainability is better. Descriptive analysis is carried out based on indicators that have the least assessment points, then indicators that have the least impact on price increases are sorted, because subsidized housing is intended for low-income people who are sensitive to the selling price of houses.

The results of the LEED assessment
LEED-ND (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is an index created by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) in the United States in 2009 then updated in 2018. LEED-ND aims to inspire and help create more regional development. sustainable, has good connectivity and builds an area that meets the needs of the community in it [13]. LEED area certification is provided through independent third party verification that the construction site and design meet the high level criteria of environmentally responsible and sustainable development. The latest LEED-ND index in 2018 has several variables, namely Smart Location and Linkage (SLL), Neighborhood Pattern and Design (NPD), Green Infrastructure and Buildings (GIB), Innovation (IN) and Regional Priority (RP) [12]. The results of the assessment of the level of application of the sustainable concept using the LEED index can be seen in Table 2.

BREEAM (Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method) for
Community is an index created by BRE Global Ltd in the United Kingdom in 2008 then updated in 2012. BREEAM (Community) aims to ensure the availability of social and economic pillar standards in a regional development project, with hope to mitigate the impact that may occur due to these developments. BREEAM (Community) would be better applied in medium or wide areas of mixed-use development, but can also be applied to regional development units [13]. BREEAM is the earliest applied method in the world to assess, rank and certify the sustainability of buildings and areas. BREEAM is used in more than 550,000 buildings and more than 2 million are registered for certification in more than 50 countries around the world. BREEAM also has a tool that focuses on environmental development. The BREEAM for Community Index has a total of 118 points which are divided into several variables, namely Governance, Social and Economic Welbeing, Resource and Energy, Land Use and Ecology, and Transport and Movement [5]. The results of the assessment of the level of application of the sustainable concept using the BREEAM index can be seen in Table 3.

Greenship -Green Neighborhood (GN) is an index created by GBCI in the Indonesia in 2015.
Greenship GN aims to spread and inspire in the implementation and realization of a sustainable area In addition, the benefits of applying the Greenship GN index are as follows to maintain harmony and balance of environmental ecosystems, and to improve the environmental quality of a healthy area; in order to minimize the impact of development on the environment; in order to improve the quality of the micro climate; in order to apply the principles of connectivity, safety and comfort on pedestrian paths; and to maintain a balance between demand and availability of resources in the future [6]. The Greenship -GN Index has several variables, namely Land Ecological Enhancement, Movement and Connectivity, Water Management and Conservation, Solid Waste and Materials, Community Wellbeing Strategy, Building and Energy, Innovation and Future Development. The results of the assessment of the level of application of the sustainable concept using the Greenship index can be seen in Table 4 [1].

Comparative assessment of subsidized housing between the Neighborhood Sustainable Assessment (NSA)
The environmental sustainability assessment system does not cover or does not pay enough attention to certain areas of the three pillars of sustainable development, the environmental pillar has more indicators and the number of points weighted than the economic and social pillars [2]. The NSA index which has the most balanced indicator of the pillars of sustainability is BREEAM compared to LEED and Greenship [2,7]. In addition, there are weaknesses in LEED and Greenship, namely the existence of several indicators that allow the occurrence of bulk of possible points by only fulfilling the very weighty indicators. The advantage of BREEAM is that it applies weights to multilevel indicator categories which helps to overcome these problems [3].

Greenship 43 Bronze Level
The results of the LEED, BREEAM and Greenship assessments in Table 5, it knows that the implementation of the sustainable concept in Perumnas Parung Panjang housing is still not optimal.   Comparative assessment of subsidized housing with the variables LEED, BREEAM and Greenship is associated with the three pillars of the concept of sustainability, namely: environmental, social and economic, so it will be obtained the strongest and weakest pillars in the application in the subsidized housing area of Perumnas Parung Panjang. The results of the comparative analysis between these score of variables can be seen in Table 6 and the percentage of sustainable application between assessment score with maximum score on each three pillars can be seen in Tabel 7 [5,6,12].
To be able to maximize the assessment score of the implementation of the sustainable concept, Perumnas Parung Panjang requires several improvement steps in the subsidized housing area. On the other hand, subsidized housing must still consider affordability for lowincome people, so the solution, so the solutions offered is very price sensitive. Level of improvement score

Gold Level Very Good Gold
Stakeholders, such as the government, developers and estate management can take corrective steps according to the variables in the NSA. Several steps to improve the implementation of the concept of sustainability in subsidized housing are linked to the variables in the NSA and the projection of scores that can be obtained by the subsidized housing of Perumnas Parung Panjang can be seen in Table 8 [5,6,12].

Conclusion
The results of the assessment of subsidized housing at Perumnas Parung Panjang show that the environmental pillar (32.14%) and the economic pillar (36.27%) have lower variable fulfillment process compared to the social pillar (61.59%). Subsidized housing is a necessity for most people in developing countries, such as Indonesia, so that it requires greater attention in creating subsidized housing areas that fulfill the concept of sustainability. Therefore, several steps are needed to improve, so that the implementation of the concept of sustainability can be maximally implemented and obtain a better NSA assessment score. Suggestions for further research are the steps to improve contained in this research can be followed by a further feasibility study.