Improving Emergency Response Systems in the Oil and Gas Industry To Reduce Environmental Damage

. The article identifies the main problems of eliminating the reduction of environmental damage by improving the response systems to man-made accidents at hazardous production facilities of the oil and gas complex. Risk factors for ensuring safety at a hazardous production facility in the oil and gas industry are identified, the most significant risk factor is identified by the method of hierarchical analysis, and the problem of the engineering and technical factor in the system "man - technical environment - industrial environment - environment" is revealed. "The solution to the problem is indicated - the use of a developed mobile emergency response system, which makes it possible to halve the response time to an emergency. The developed response system can be applied at any hazardous production facility in the oil and gas industry due to its flexibility.


Introduction
One of the main parts of the Russian economy is the oil and gas industry, which ensures the functioning of other industries and the well-being of our population. When operating hazardous production facilities in the oil and gas industry, there is always the possibility of accidents.
According to Federal service for environmental, technological and nuclear supervision, over the past 10 years, the main causes of accidents were technical and organizational factors.
In December 2019, preliminary results of economic damage from accidents at Russian oil and gas facilities were summed up at the conference "Industrial safety and labor protection at oil and gas enterprises". *Corresponding author: toumanov@mail.ru According to the calculations of the head of the Department for supervision of oil and gas facilities -Yuri Nesterov, the economic damage from accidents exceeded 1 billion 405 million rubles. In total, 37 accidents occurred at oil and gas industry facilities in 2019, seven of which resulted in group accidents or worker deaths. Emergency incidents were recorded at the facilities of the following companies -"TAAS-Yuryakh Neftegazodobycha", "TEX-TRO", "SIBUR-Kstovo", "RUSENERGO", "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" and "Transbunker-Vanino".

Materials and Methods
When analyzing the response to emergency situations, the following shortcomings were identified: • insufficient speed of informing about the emergency, • making decisions on elimination and localization of emergency situations at remote sites, • poor management in emergency response planning. The article considers the specifics of emergency response at hazardous production facilities in the oil and gas industry.
The main causes of possible incidents and accidents are: 1. equipment failure (hazards associated with typical processes), 2. erroneous actions of personnel (production hazards caused by violations of equipment operation, violations of fire safety and labor protection rules by employees), 3. external impacts of natural and man-made nature. This distribution of causes into groups is conditional, because they are often intertwined, summed up, or have other complex connections [1].
To eliminate and localize an emergency that has occurred for any of the above reasons, various types of units are involved [1]. The success of elimination and localization of accidents directly depends on the efficiency of notification of all internal and external departments, as well as actions taken by them in the first few minutes after the occurrence of an emergency [2]. Therefore, the solution to the problems of emergency response in the oil and gas complex was chosen to improve the emergency response systems in the oil and gas complex by creating a mobile emergency response system that reduces the response time, which minimizes material and environmental damage, as well as damage that can be caused to the engineering and technical complex.
Reducing the response time to emergency situations in the system "human-technical environment-production environment" should occur in a comprehensive manner, including various risk factors.
Risk factors are conditions that increase the likelihood of an emergency or emergency at work. Their identification consists in systematic identification of risks and determination of their characteristics.
Risk factors are conditions that increase the likelihood of an emergency or emergency at work. Their identification consists in systematic identification of risks and determination of their characteristics.
According to GOST R 51897-2011 " Risk management. Terms and definitions " risk identification refers to the process of identifying, listing and describing risk elements.
At the stage of identification of risk factors were identified: 1) sources of possible incidents and accidents related to the destruction of structures and (or) technical devices at the OPO, uncontrolled releases and (or) explosions of dangerous substances (table 1), 2) the main (typical) accident scenarios, taking into account their consequences, while considering the initiating and subsequent events that lead to the possible occurrence of damaging factors of accidents (table 2). Table 1. Sources of possible incidents and accidents at hazardous production facilities in the oil and gas industry.

Source Characteristic
Equipment failure • Physical wear, metal fatigue, welding failure, mechanical damage, corrosion.
After analyzing the problems and emergencies, we can conclude that the destruction of equipment and pipelines due to metal corrosion is often local and does not lead to serious consequences. But it is important to note that in the absence of a timely response, further development of the accident may occur.
• The failures, the destruction and breakdown of equipment. Main equipment failures/failures: failure of the grounding system, protection from static electricity; rupture or violation of the tightness of the deployed pipeline network, which can lead to the release of petroleum products, failure of pumping units as a result of the destruction of support bearings, shaft, seal depressurization; failure/failure of electrical equipment, wiring.

External impacts of natural and man-made nature
• Discharge of atmospheric electricity, possible when an object is struck by lightning; Defeat is possible when two events interact-a direct lightning strike and zero operation of the lightning rod (due to absence, incorrect design or malfunction).
• Adverse weather conditions; Strong wind (speed at gusts of 25 m/s or more), heavy ice (deposits on wires with a diameter of 20 mm or more), a strong snowstorm combined with a strong wind speed of 15 m/s or more, which can cause accidents on power networks and lead to interruptions in power supply. The frequency of adverse weather conditions varies depending on the climatic conditions in which the object is located.
• Falling of an airplane, meteorite, etc. The frequency of this event does not exceed 1x10 -6 1 / year. • Sabotage and terrorist acts, acts of vandalism. The frequency does not exceed 1x10 -6 1 / year. Erroneous actions of the staff • Production hazards caused by violations of fire safety and labor protection rules by employees.
The reasons for these hazards may be personnel error during sampling, violation of fire safety and/or labor protection instructions, unauthorized use of equipment after repair, start-up of equipment without crimping, use of equipment before Troubleshooting, operation of equipment with the monitoring and control system disabled, etc.
• Violations of equipment operation. The scenario of an emergency

Result of an emergency
The fire of the strait Complete (partial) destruction of equipment -> discharge of a dangerous substance + ignition source -> formation of a Strait fire -> thermal damage to people, structures and equipment, environmental pollution Explosion of a cloud of fuel-air mixture Complete (partial) destruction of equipment -> outflow of a dangerous substance (flammable liquid, flammable gas) -> (evaporation of flammable liquid) -> formation of a cloud from the fuel-air mixture -> spread of the fuel-air mixture cloud + ignition source -> explosion of the fuel-air mixture cloud (possible fire spillage) -> baric and thermal damage to people, structures and equipment, environmental pollution Flare burning Complete / partial destruction of equipment or depressurization of a gas pipeline, a high-pressure container with flammable gas -> outflow of the gas mixture + ignition source -> gas ignition (formation of a flare) -> thermal damage to people, structures and equipment -> formation and spread of a cloud of combustion products, environmental pollution Thus, the following risk factors were identified by analyzing the available information: 1) socio-psychological, 2) engineering and technical, 3) technological, 4) natural and geographical, 5) organizational and structural. Among the identified risk factors of the "humantechnical environment" systemproduction environment" according to the research on the method of analyzing hierarchies in the dialog system "MPRIORITY 1.0" using the Saati matrix, the most significant factor was engineering and technical (figure 1), so reducing the response time to emergencies should using modern communication tools and technologies (the factors were compared with each other in terms of their impact on response time, response adequacy (correct decision making), monitoring, management efficiency, and the cost of converting the factor).
Thus, the following risk factors were identified by analyzing the available information: 1) socio-psychological, 2) engineering and technical, 3) technological, 4) natural and geographical, 5) organizational and structural. Among the identified risk factors of the "humantechnical environment" systemproduction environment" according to the research on the method of analyzing hierarchies in the dialog system "MPRIORITY 1.0" using the Saati matrix, the most significant factor was engineering and technical (figure 1), so reducing the response time to emergencies should using modern communication tools and technologies (the factors were compared with each other in terms of their impact on response time, response adequacy (correct decision making), monitoring, management efficiency, and the cost of converting the factor). Every year, data transfer capabilities are growing. This indicates the relevance of using modern communication technologies to respond to emergencies.
The development of the mobile network gives new prospects for the use of communications and mobile devices. It is possible to solve problems of uploading data to and from the network for industrial purposes.
Years ago, this solution was not possible due to the low resistance of tablet PCs to low temperatures, insufficient impact resistance and moisture resistance.
The latest tablet PCs have the necessary properties-a frost-resistant battery and a high degree of protection. In 2014, Samsung presented the first tablets designed for industrial use at the fourth international gas forum in Saint Petersburg.
Tablet PCs have a diagonal of 7 to 10 inches, a shock-resistant case that can withstand the fall of a load weighing up to 5 kg from the height of a five-story building, they also have high moisture resistance and can work at temperatures below -28° C. At the same time, the company plans to improve its performance over time.
Sony presented advanced developments in the field of video surveillance. The cameras have high impact resistance, frost resistance and image transmission quality.
Using these means of communication and technologies, the scheme of notification and response to emergency situations in the oil and gas complex looks as follows (figure 2). If an alarm signal is received, the alarm is triggered and automatically all devices of the members of the operational Commission for emergency situations and fire safety and the dispatcher service receive a call that connects them to each other in video conferencing mode and outputs images from video cameras.
Members of the Commission discuss the visualized situation, can make decisions on the response and communicate it to the staff using installed loudspeakers.
As a result of the proposed system, the time for visualization of an emergency situation is reduced, which gives the following opportunities: • rapid assessment of the emergency scenario, • monitoring the notification system, • evaluating the effectiveness of actions performed, • discussing and making urgent decisions, • monitoring the situation; • operational management of forces and means. To implement the system, you must: • provide the operational group of the Commission on emergency situations with modern means of communication that can use ip-telephony, • provide high-speed Internet access to the object, • install ip cameras on the object that can output images to the network and mobile devices, • combine the existing system with the proposed one so that when the alarm button is pressed, an alarm is automatically triggered and a call is made to all the devices of the Commission members and the dispatcher service, connecting them in video conferencing mode and displaying images from cameras, • coordinate the use of the system with the Supervisory authorities, • connect staff mobile devices to speakers, • organize measures to ensure information security at a dangerous production facility. Implementation of the system on the site should be carried out with the development of the necessary project documentation and introduction into all internal production instructions. Staff should be trained in the use of the system.
The system has flexibility that allows you to adjust its parameters (the number of cameras, mobile devices, etc.) to any dangerous production facility.
The proposed mobile emergency response system significantly reduces the response time.
The time of free development of an emergency situation consists of:  In this way, the system can reduce the total time for notification and response to an emergency from 90 minutes to 45 minutes, which indicates its effectiveness. Also, the arrival of the Commission at a dangerous industrial facility for emergencies becomes less necessary.

Results
The mobile emergency response system requires special attention to information security. The process of organizing safe use prevents information leaks.
We need to consider a comprehensive solution that will include all organizational, technological and technical aspects.
There is also always a risk of unskilled actions by personnel using mobile devices. To minimize risks, it is necessary to take organizational and technical measures and solutions that will allow centralized management of personnel's mobile devices, as well as distinguish between rights and usage policies.
According to experts, the most significant risks are theft or loss of the device, as well as the connection of hackers. To minimize this risk, we recommend using MDM (Mobile Device Management).
In addition, the risk of staff neglecting the simplest rules for safe use of mobile devices follows. To minimize this risk, it is necessary to separate personal and corporate information and protect the latter by using software tools.
Due to user negligence, there may be threats related to viruses and Trojans. Mobile Device Management has the ability to centrally deploy antivirus SOFTWARE on company employees ' devices.
The company "Sаmsung" offers the following solutions: SOTI Mobicontrol. This SOFTWARE is simple and easy to install and allows you to solve the following tasks: -blocking the terminal service session, -data encryption and user identification policies provide reliable data protection. The main features of this SOFTWARE are real-time remote monitoring, Troubleshooting, and device location detection.
This solution is the best choice for minimizing the operating costs of maintaining the mobile workplace segment.

Discussion
The results obtained in this work can be useful in improving response system in the oil and gas industry. In the future, it is possible to continue the study based on the results. The analysis of emergency situations shows that insufficient speed of informing about the emergency, making decisions on elimination and localization of emergency situations at remote sites and poor management in emergency response planning should be upgraded. The developed recommendations on the prevention of emergencies as a result of the study were discussed at a number of conferences.

Conclusion
Effective localization and elimination of accidents is possible only with the mobilization of all available resources and forces [2]. The main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of emergency response is the speed [3], which can be achieved at any hazardous production facility in the oil and gas industry using the proposed mobile emergency response system. Reducing the response time allows you to reduce material and environmental damage, as well as damage that can be caused to the engineering complex.