The effect of anthropogenic factors on rare, endemic plant species in the Ile Alatau

. Our study showed that the anthropogenic impact on the flora of the study area, including agricultural activities, is growing every year. This complex research has been conducted in Almaty Province on the 6 populations of the four rare and endemic plant species ( Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana , Limonium michelsonii ), taking into account the total number, age spectrum. An analysis of the density and age structure of the populations Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana showed that the age range of the population 1 and 2 account for maximum virginal individuals and in the population of 3 generative individuals. The results of the study of the age and condition of life Limonium michelsonii in different parts of the three populations showed that a young virginal (64.6%) and generative individuals (23.6%) and in the population 2, the maximum is in juvenile (54.5%) and (20.49%) individuals and population 3 maximum occurs at a young virginal (38.9%) and (29.4%) individuals.


Introduction
One of the most important issues today is the efficient use and conservation of biodiversity while providing safe food, consumer goods and materials. This issue is above all on the agenda of green plants that produce life energy. Plants are not only an important part of the natural environment, but also play a key role in the functioning and formation of the ecosystem.
They are a clear indicator of the state of the environment, a source of nutrients and nutrients for all living organisms on the plane. The research and preservation of biological diversity is a global task nowadays [1]. In assessing the impact on the environment, insufficient attention is paid to the assessment and prevention of damage to rare and endangered plant species listed in the Red Book [2]. Many scientists study rare, endemic, and endangered species with the aim of preservation of such species [3,4,5].
One of the main reasons for the fall of species into the category of rare and endangered is the destruction or complete destruction of the habitats of these species. The negative consequences of human impact on rare and endangered species, depending on a diverse combination of impact factors and specific territorial conditions, are different.
It is necessary to separate the processes of changes in biological diversity because of anthropogenic activities from the natural processes of its development. Natural factors should be considered when developing programs for the conservation of biological diversity, but their prevention is impractical, and in most cases is impossible. Anthropogenic factors are prevented, first, by those that most strongly affect biosystems or are critical for them.
Geobotanical criteria are not only sensitive to environmental disturbances, but also the most representative ("physiognomic") ones that best help to trace the zones of the ecological state by size in space and by stages of disturbance in time [6]. Botanical indicators are very specific, since different plant species and different plant communities in different geographical conditions have unequal sensitivity and resistance to disturbing influences and, therefore, the same indicators for qualifying zones of ecological state can vary significantly for different landscapes. At the same time, signs of negative changes at different levels are considered: organismic (phytopathological changes), population (deterioration in species composition and phytocenometric characteristics) and ecosystem (ratio of areas in the landscape).

Materials and Methods
One of the most pressing issues in the conservation of biodiversity in Kazakhstan is the condition of rare and endemic plant species. The south-eastern part of the country is a dangerous area for rare plant species due to its dense population and industrial, agricultural and border areas. Due to anthropogenic and technical factors, the habitat of rare species is shrinking every day, leading to the extinction of their natural populations. The extinction of a species is, in fact, the disappearance of local populations, which can be represented in nature.
The valuable rare and endemic species of plant in the south-east of Kazakhstan are Limonium michelsonii and Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana (Regel) Lincz. These plants were included into the list of objects that require environmental protection. Three populations of these plants were surveyed during in 2014.
Research work consists of methods of plant-locating by route-reconnaissance, using GPS navigation. Geobotanical descriptions were performed by the conventional methods. The study population was carried out according to the traditional methods of Rabotnov T. A. [7]. The isolation and characterization of age made use of the procedural provisions in the works of Rabotnov T. A. and Uranov A. A. [8]. Therefore, the study of rare plant species at the population level is the most popular and effective method. This 'Population Approach' has an important scientific value, which is illustrated by the fact that it involves a comprehensive study of plant species that make up a particular population. It therefore provides important information about the growth of the production and the ability of rare species of plants to effectively reproduce [9-10].

Results and discussion
These research were conducted in Almaty region in the mountains Ile Alatau. We investigated three populations of Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana and three populations Limonium michelsonii.
The first population of Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana was found within the Alasa passage of the mountains Toraigyr, 25 km away from the settlement of Kokpek. The terrain was mostly flat plain with moderate undulating slopes. The soil was gray-brown, rubbly and in places with exposed surface of the tertiary red clays.
The The third population of Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana was found at the foot of low mountains range named Sugety that is along the Almaty-Korgas highway, 10 (see table 1).
Thus, analysis of the data collected for the three natural populations of endemic and endangered species plant Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana using a geobotanical method showed that the areas of its distribution and surface coverage were insignificant. Moreover, distribution of the plant within the studied populations was uneven. Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana grows mainly on the saline clays, variegated ground exposures and stone-gravel slopes at the lower range of mountains ridge.
The first population of Limonium michelsonii was found at the foot of the Aqshoky plateau, 13 km from the village of Kokpek. The terrain is flat, hilly. The soil is gray, brown, finely sandy, reddish clay of the third epoch. Humidification of the atmosphere.

Conclusion
The field work carried out in the eastern part of the Ili Alatau mountains to study three populations of Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana showed that in terms of the age structure, the maximum number of virginal plants was observed in the third population. Among the plant associations, №1, №2, populations were showed higher number of virginal plants, whereas №3 population was showed larger number of young generative plants of Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana. The juvenile plants were not found at all in №1 population. Overall, the observations from this study indicate that growth and distribution of Ikonnikovia kaufmanniana can be considered as normal, with no presence of immediate serious danger to their existence.
In adverse conditions (strong anthropogenic influence, grazing) populations 1 and 3 of Limonium Michelsonii close to a regressive type. Because these populations no juvenile, immature individuals. A population 2 was full members of the mature. Them in the near future are not threatened.