The Ability of Water Hyacinth ( Eichhornia crasipes Mart.) and Water Lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes Linn.) for Reducing Pollutants in Batik Wastewater

. Batik produced by craftsmen is categorized as a small and medium industry. The problem of Batik production is less attention to the environment because the craftsmen lived in the middle of a residential area that has inexperience. One of less attention to the environment is no treatment of wastewater that reaches up to 95 % (61.9 L each cloth). Thus it polluted the river. This research aimed to treat the wastewater of Batik production by using phytoremediation. In this study, phytoremediation was carried out in three tanks in series using Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes which are abundant in Indonesia. The treated wastewater was evaluated for its ammonia and chromium (Cr). The results showed that ammonia reduced 78.36 % by E. crassipes , and 73.13 % P. stratiotes . While E. crassipes reduced Cr by 63.76 % and P. stratiotes by 83.39 %. This research concluded that E. crassipes and P. stratiotes are potential plants to reduce the pollutants in Batik wastewater.


Introduction
The role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in economic development and growth is crucial in both developing and developed countries [1]. In Sokaraja, Indonesia there are some Batik SMEs that grow rapidly that collaborate as a society called 'Sawunggaling'. Those societies and other industries are located in the middle of residential areas. Inexperience is a main reason for less attention to the environment. None of these industries has wastewater treatment thus polluting the river.
Environmental pollution is living things, matter, energy, and other components that interfere into the environment by human activities, thus it converts environmental quality standards [2]. Environmental pollution from the batik industry can be identified from the solid color of wastewater disposal. The water usage in the Batik production (61.9 L each cloth) is abundant and 95 % as wastewater disposal generated from soaking, heating, and rinsing. The problem from Batik production involves high volumes of water and chemicals such as waxes and dyes.
These pollutants interfere with quality standards following the Indonesian Minister of Environment Regulation No. 5 of 2014, shown in Table 1. From Table 1, it shows that some parameters have exceeded the quality standard threshold value. Even though there are regulations, the Batik industries ignore wastewater treatment because the punishment is too weak.
The phytoremediation model is simple, inexpensive, and easily operated [3]. Phytoremediation is considered to be a method for removing the pollutants in wastewater and recognized as a better green remediation technology using plants [4,5] such as Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) and Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes Linn.).
Water hyacinth is one of waterweed that uncontrollable growth but its nutrient absorption has provided a way for its usage in phytoremediation [4]. Moreover, Water Lettuce is a tropical plant that resists severe weather variability, fast reproduction, and simple manipulation. In addition, Water Lettuce is capable of remediating heavy metals [6]. The purpose of this study was to examine the E. crassipes and P. stratiotes plants in reducing pollutants in Batik industry wastewater. The pollutants indicated by ammonia and Chromium.

Plant material
The E. crassipes and P. stratiotes seedlings were conducted from the fish pond, in the region of Sokaraja, Banyumas, Central of Java, Indonesia. The seedlings were removed approximately 30 d growth because those plants are a perennial weed. The selection plants for this study based on their morphological character i.e green leaves and a stem length was 10 cm. The greenhouse was used to expose plants getting natural light and ambient temperature. Those situations were close to their natural environment. Plants were separated and cultivated for 14 d before the experiment was carried out with sterile water to prevent contamination with other agents and to support the growth of roots, without fertilizer or additives.

Experimental procedure
This study used a phytoremediation model with three tanks made of multilevel arranged glass with a continuous drainage system, with a flow rate of 5 L h -1 . The parameters observed in the treatment were ammonia and chromium.
The phytoremediation model was conducted on a laboratory scale in a greenhouse. Environmental factors were controlled by insect threats. The phytoremediation model is shown in Figure 1.

Results and discussions
E. crassipes and P. stratiotes reduced pollutants in Batik wastewater 4 % dilution. That high concentrations for E. crassipes and P. stratiotes were resistant. In the E. crassipes and P. stratiotes was used for the phytoremediation of the heavy metal, which affected leaf abnormalities, such as chlorosis and necrosis. This indicated that E. crassipes and P. stratiotes are more resistant to pollution agents proved by healthy plant and leaf quality was maintained even in the presence of high concentrations [7].
Before treatment of 4 % Batik wastewater, it observed ammonia of 5.73 mg L -1 and Cr of 596 mg L -1 . The E. crassipes and P. stratiotes grew in Wastewater for 15 d, with a recirculation rate of 20 L h -1 decreased of ammonia, as shown in Figure 2.   The decrease in chromium was 63.76 % in E. crassipes and 83.39 % in P. stratiotes. Both plants have hair-like roots that are used as a filter, tolerant, accumulate and eliminate environmental pollutants [6].
E. crassipes and P. stratiotes have shown their effectiveness in treating wastewater [9]. These plant species can sterilize higher heavy metals and help decontaminate soil, water, and others [5]. This also shows that the two plants have potential as bioindication and phytoremediation of contaminated aquatic environments [10]. In addition, Phytoremediation is related to the toxicity of heavy metals in contaminated ecosystems and bioremediation technology that is feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly [11]. This is in line with the results in the wastewater of his research Tewari et al. [12]. The impact of Cr contamination contained in Batik wastewater in physiology plants depends on metal speciation, which is responsible for mobilization, subsequent absorption and toxicity produced in plant systems [13].