Fucoxanthin, A Xanthophyll from Macro- and Microalgae: Extraction Techniques, Bioactivities and Their Potential Application in Nutra- and Cosmeceutical Industries

Some works of literature reported that fucoxanthin has diverse potential benefits for human health. Thus, this review would explain the sources of fucoxanthin, extraction techniques, bioactivities, and its potential application in Nutra- and cosmeceutical industries. Brown algae, such as Padina australis, Undaria pinnatifida; and the microalgae, such as Chaetoceros gracilis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum were sources of fucoxanthin. Then, the chemical structure of this xanthophyll is unique and that confers its biological activities. And then, the extraction process of fucoxanthin from macro- and microalgae is more safe, accessible, and economic, although this xanthophyll can be synthesized chemically. Generally, there are two techniques for the extraction of fucoxanthin, namely liquid solvent (conventional), and supercritical carbon dioxide (non-conventional) extractions. Furthermore, there are some bioactivities of fucoxanthin, including its activities of anticancer, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antioxidant; protective effects of skin, bone, and eyes. Based on in vivo assay of the animal, it has no adverse effects of fucoxanthin supplementation. Therefore, this xanthophyll might be applied in both the Nutra- and cosmeceutical industries. In the future, fucoxanthin and its derivatives would be important for human health, contributing to the beauty industry, and playing an important in the prevention of cancer and the disease related to lifestyle.


Introduction
About 800 kinds of xanthophylls have been reported in nature up until 2018 [1]. This class of carotenoid, especially fucoxanthin is abundant in macro-and microalgae as a photoprotection component, and the complex of light-harvesting for the photosynthesis process [2]. The fucoxanthin chemical structure contains a 5.6-monoepoxide and an allenic bond [3] (Fig. 1). Its chemical structure is unique and that confers its biological activities. And then, some kinds of literature reported that fucoxanthin has diverse potential benefits for human health [4]. So, this review would explain the sources of fucoxanthin, its extraction techniques, bioactivities, and its potential application in both the Nutra-and cosmeceutical industries.

Fucoxanthin Extraction
Generally, there are two main techniques to extract fucoxanthin, namely liquid solvent extraction (conventional), and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), usually use CO2 as a co-solvent (nonconventional) [98][99][100]. In the liquid solvent extraction with organic solvents, the recovery of solvent is a crucial period, mainly because of the environmental and economic problems. This technique has disadvantages, such as there are remind residue of solvent in the extract, the possible thermal degradation of the extract, and has low selectivity [101]. Additionally, the disadvantage of the liquid solvent extraction needed many solvents in its technique. However, the extraction technique with liquid organic solvents is the most effective in the extraction of carotenoids [102]. In contrast, the extraction with SC-CO2 has an advantage, mainly due to the environment. This extraction technique is a process free of waste, prevents oxidation reactions, allow low-temperature use, does not cause thermal degradation of extract, and do not need the removal of solvent [103][104][105]. Additionally, this extraction technique has an advantage, mainly due to the economy, namely only needed a small amount of organic solvent, and needed a short time to the extraction process [106].

Dietary and Safety
There are two derivatives of fucoxanthin in the metabolism of mammals, namely fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A. In the digestive tract of mammals, the dietary fucoxanthin is hydrolyzed into fucoxanthinol. Then, in the liver, fucoxanthinol is dehydrogenated to amarouciaxanthin A. [167] (Fig. 3). Maeda [168] and Zhang et al., [169] reported that the fucoxanthin in common toxicity assay is a safe component as a food of functional, and safe pharmaceutical ingredient. Based on in vivo assay of the animal, it has no adverse effects of fucoxanthin supplementation. Additionally, macro brown algae, such Undaria pinnativida (Wakame) that contain much fucoxanthin has been consumed as edible algae for centuries in Eastern Asian countries [168].

Potential Application of Fucoxanthin in Nutra-and Cosmeceutical Industry
Fucoxanthin reported exhibit an array of beneficial biological activities on human health [169] including antidiabetic, antiobesity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, and eyes protective effect. Then, Muradian et al., [170] reported that fucoxanthin and its derivatives consumption as food supplements are good options for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and the prevention of obesity, diabetes type 2, and disease of the heart. Furthermore, fucoxanthin exerts strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This compound can be applied as photoprotection of skin to inhibit the negative effects of UV radiation, or as an ingredient of Nutra-and cosmeceutical to prevent the diseases of oxidative stress [171,172]. Hence, fucoxanthin has great potential for application in Nutra- [173], and cosmeceutical industries [174]. Galasso et al. [175] reported that there are main industrially produced fucoxanthin as a Nutra-, and cosmeceutical application, namely both of the industries were in China, such as Leili Natural Products Co., Ltd and AlgaNova International. In the future, fucoxanthin and its derivatives would be important for human health, contributing to the beauty industry, and playing an important in the prevention of cancer and the disease related to lifestyle.

Conclusion
Fucoxanthin is found in macroalgae, especially brown algae, and microalgae, or a number of diatoms. The chemical structure of this xanthophyll is unique and that confers its biological activities. Then, based on their bioactivities, fucoxanthin has a wide range of potential applications and might be applied in both the Nutra-and cosmeceutical industries.