STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE WATER OF SPERMONDE, MAKASSAR, SOUTH SULAWESI

Observations of the condition of coral reefs have been carried out in Spermonde waters from 2015 to 2018. The method used in this observation uses Underwater Photo Transect (UPT), and the data obtained is analyzed using CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel Extensions) software. The results show that the percentage of coral cover has increased from year to year. The percentage of live coral cover in 2015 was 19.64%, 23.60 in 2016, 23.72% in 2017, and 27.83% in 2018. The increase in live coral cover from year to year is thought to occur due to the availability of nutrients. or increasing public awareness, considering this location is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Makassar. Coral reef health index values can be used to classify coral reef health. Through the analysis of the coral reef health index, an index value of 4 was obtained, which means that the condition of the coral reefs is in the "moderate" category.


Introduction
Indonesia's coral reefs have the highest diversity globally, which makes Indonesia's coral reefs a prime target for research, protection, and management (Mora et al., 2003). In general, diversity decreases as you move away from the center of diversity. However, the heterogeneous distribution of species makes it difficult to define actual boundaries between regions (Hoeksema & Putra, 2003;Wallace et al., 2003). The high diversity of coral reefs is caused by factors both high alpha (local) and high beta (changes in species composition among many locations) diversities (Tuomisto et al., 2003). Sulawesi Island and its surroundings have the highest coral reefs in Indonesia and are known as the global center of coral reefs with the highest diversity (Suharsono et al., 2011). Sulawesi is also famous as the center of the world's coral triangle. Borderless coral reefs border Sulawesi's coastline, while further offshore is the deep sea with very clear water originating from Arlindo. This results in very dense coral reef growth (Suharsono et al., 2011). Makassar is the busiest city in eastern Indonesia. As the busiest city, anthropogenic activities like trade and tourism are massive, coupled with port development and reclamation activities. Spermonde waters are a famous tourist site that also functions as a research site for coral reefs (Hoeksema, 1988). Spermonde waters show heterogeneous habitats and are very rich in coral species (Hoeksema, 2007). However, Spermonde waters are experiencing rapid development of water tourism, especially diving and snorkeling activities. Furthermore, there are also river flows that carry the flow of material from land activities. The resulting high sedimentation reduces the ability of light to penetrate the waters and, over a longer period, can cause coral death. The effect of heavy sedimentation on coral reef structure is related to coral reef structure, slow coral growth, and limited coral recruitment (James et al., 2005). The availability of more complete and comprehensive data can provide information about the condition and biodiversity of coral reefs in Spermonde waters. The data and information needed include the condition and biodiversity of coral reefs. Percentage of hard coral cover and reef fish diversity are important indicators of the potential of the water area and indications of disturbances in the environment (Siswantoro et al., 2005). Information regarding pressure indications on coral reef ecosystems in waters is also important for coral reef management (Suharsono, 2016) (Muller et al., 2012). This study aims to determine the distribution and cover of hard corals in Spermonde Waters to conduct sustainable management of coral reef ecosystems. is in the Spermonde Islands, Makassar City, South Sulawesi. The distribution of research stations is in all small and charred islands in the waters of the Spermonde Archipelago. Coral reef observations were carried out at 13 station points. The location for observing coral reefs is presented in Figure 1 below. The coordinates of the research location are presented in Table 1.  UPT is a method of collecting live coral cover data using a frame measuring 58 cm x 44 cm, which is mounted on a 50 m long transect line by shooting which will then be analyzed through the CPCE application. Data retrieval using the UPT method was carried out with the SCUBA diving technique, using a Canon Powershot G16 camera equipped with a housing that is compatible with diving activities and a square-shaped iron frame that is given a striking color. The transect line installation follows point 0 of the permanent transect that was installed in the previous year or the last year of monitoring. The point 0 of the permanent transect can be identified based on the coordinates and is marked with two white buoys and two tied iron stakes. If point 0 has been found, then a 50 m long roll meter is ready to be placed following the old transect line, which usually uses a nangsi rope. The position of the transect line is parallel to the shoreline at a depth where coral is common, at a depth of about 5-7 m. When laying the tape measure, the island's mainland position is on the left. After the tape measure was placed, shooting was carried out along the transect line from the 1st meter to the 50th meter with a 1 m between photos. Shooting at the 1st meter (frame 1), 3rd meter (frame 3), and the next frame with odd numbers is done to the right of the transect line, while for frames with even numbers (frame 2, frame 4, and so on) are taken to the left of the transect line. Each shooting is carried out at a distance of about 60 cm from the base of the substrate, so the area of each shooting frame is about 2500 m2. The illustration of taking photos is shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 2. Illustration of taking photos using the UPT method.

Data Analysis
Analysis of the photos taken using a computer and software (software) CPCe (Kohler & Gill, 2006). A total of 30 random point samples were selected for each photo frame, and each point was coded according to the code of each category and the biota and substrates located at that random point (Table 1).

x 100%
Based on the percentage value of live coral coverage, it can be determined the condition of coral reefs such as the grouping carried out by the Oceanographic Research Center -Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Puslit Oceanografi-LIPI), which is presented in Table 3 below.  (Vuuren, 1920) and are divided into four zones arranged from north to south (Hutchinson, 1945;Hoeksema, 1990). The coral reefs in the Spermonde Islands have a width of 40 km offshore. The first zone or the deepest zone parallel to the coast is limited to 20 m to the middle of the sea. The second zone is about 5 to 12.5 km offshore with a maximum depth of up to 30 m. The third zone is about 12.5 to 30 km offshore with varying depths from 30 to 50 m. The outermost zone or the Barrier Reef Zone is 30 to 40 km off the coast of Makassar City. In the east of this zone the depth ranges from 40 to 50 m, while in the west this zone is a drop with a depth of up to 100 m. The monsoon is the main factor influencing the geomorphology and orientation of coral reefs in Spermonde waters (Umbgrove, 1930). The wind blows most strongly during the northwest monsoon season because the southeast monsoon is weakened by the mountains on the mainland.

Langkai Island
This observation station is located on the west side of Langkai Island which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. This island is the small outermost island of the Spermonde Archipelago. Sandy beaches with vegetation generally coconut plants and natural coastal vegetation, especially from trees and shrubs. This small island is densely populated. The water area is a fishing ground for local fishers, but there is no policy for managing the water area. Very open water conditions. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef. The reef flat is very wide, with a length of about 500 m from the coast. Sandy bottom substrate and hard substrate of coral lime. The coral reefs are quite clear at a depth of 6 m. Characteristics of the reef slope are very gentle with a slope of 30 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef flat at a depth of 6.1 m. Living corals are generally massive Porites corals, Dipsastraea groups and Acropora tabulate corals. Commonly found reef association biota include soft coral, blue starfish Linckia sp., and Crinoid sea lilies. Based on the analysis results, the value of coral reef cover in this location is 14.08%. This means that the coral reefs are in the category of poor condition.

Lanyukang Island
This observation station is located on the west-south side of Lanyukang Island, Sangkarang District, Makassar City. This island is also the small outermost island of the Spermonde Archipelago. White sandy beaches, land vegetation generally in the form of beach pine and natural coastal vegetation, especially from groups of trees and shrubs and a few coconut trees. This island is an inhabited island which is the location of local fishermen's settlements. There is an easily recognizable sign, namely a lighthouse. Its territorial waters are local fishermen's fishing grounds, and there is no policy for managing its territorial waters. Very open water conditions. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef. The reef flat is very wide, with a width of about 1000 m from the coast. The bottom substrate of the waters is dominated by live coral, especially from massive groups of Porites and Dipsastraea corals and sandy bottoms. The coral reefs are quite clear at a depth of 9-10 m. Characteristics of the reef slope are very gentle with a slope of 30 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef flat at a depth of 6.1 m. Live corals are generally massive corals, Porites and Dipsastraea, branching corals, Acropora tabulata, and Pocillopora. Commonly found reef association biota include soft corals, Ascidians, and Crinoid sea lilies. Based on the analysis results , the value of coral reef cover in this location is 41.67%. This means that the coral reefs are in a fairly good condition category.

Gosong Batulabua
This observation station is a Batulabua charred rock (Bone Lenggang). This station is close to the waters of Kodingarenglompo Island, Sangkarang District, Makassar City. This charred location is a fishing location for local fishers. The waters are very open.
Coral reefs belong to the patch reef type, the bottom substrate of the reef flat is dominated by the soft coral cover, especially from the Sinularia group, hard substrates and dead coral debris. The observation transect was on the reef flat at a depth of 6.6 m. Live corals are generally from the massive Porites coral group and the Dipsastraea group and the Pocillopora submassive coral group. Commonly found coral association biota include soft corals, Ascidians, and Crinoid sea lilies. Based on the results of the analysis, the value of coral reef cover in this location is 28.40%. This means that the coral reefs are in a fairly good condition category.

Lumu-lumu Island
This observation station is located on the west side of Lumu-lumu Island, Sangkarang District, Makassar City. The island is very small and densely populated. The coast has white sandy beaches, which are community ports and homes for residents. This island has a fairly dense local fishing settlement. The water area is a fishing ground for local fishers and there is no policy for the management of the water area. The waters are very open. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef. The characteristics of the reef flat are quite extensive. The permanent transect position is about 1000 m from the beach. The bottom substrate of the waters on the reef flat is dominated by a fairly dense live coral cover, especially from branching corals Acropora and sheet corals Montipora. The coral reefs are quite clearly visible at a depth of 5-6m. The characteristics of the reef slopes are rather steep with a slope ranging from 60-75 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef slope at a depth of 6.6 m and moved to a depth of 13.3m at a point of 50m. Coral growth to a depth of 20m after that only found white sand. Living corals in this location generally come from the Montipora sheet coral group, Acropora branching corals and free living corals from the Fungiidae family. You can see a lot of dead coral fragments, and the growth of turf algae is quite high. Commonly found associations of coral reef biota include Crinoid sea lilies, sponges, and Ascidian-Tunicata. At this location found turtles and blue spotted stingrays. Based on the analysis results , the value of coral reef cover in this location is 58%. This means that the coral reefs are in the category of good condition.

Kodingarengkeke Island
This observation station is located on the north-west side of Kodingarengkeke Island, which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. The island is quite small with white sandy beaches and very sparse land vegetation, but there are a few pine trees and natural vegetation from shrubs. Kodingareng Keke Island is a small uninhabited island. There is a building for tourist facilities in the one-story building in the middle of the island. This location is a fishing area for local fishermen and one of the most famous marine tourism destinations besides Samalona Island. Very open water conditions. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef. The reef average is quite wide. The permanent transect position is about 700 m from the beach. The bottom substrate of the waters is dominated by sand and broken dead coral, and live coral. Live coral groups are generally from the Fungiidae family group which are spread quite densely on the bottom of the waters. The coral reefs are quite clearly visible at a depth of 6m. Characteristics of the slope is slightly gentle with a slope of 30-40 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef flat at a depth of about 8.7m. Common reef association biota include soft corals, Crinoid sea lilies and Ascidian-Tunicata. Based on the analysis results , the value of coral reef cover in this location is 47.07%. This means that the coral reefs are in a fairly good condition category.

Kodingarenglompo Island
This observation station is located on the north side of Kodingarenglompo Island, which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. The island is quite small, with white sandy beaches. Vegetation on land is quite rare, generally in the form of natural vegetation from tree groups in coastal areas. This island is densely populated with water areas which are the fishing grounds for local fishermen. The condition of the waters is an open location. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef. The reef flat is quite wide, the permanent transect position is about 600 m from the coast. The bottom substrate of the reef flat waters was dominated by live coral cover from branching Acropora groups and massive Porites, slightly sandy and dead coral debris. The slope of the coral reef can be seen quite clearly at a depth of about 5 m with a slope ranging from 30-40 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef slope at a depth of 7.9 m. Live corals are generally branched corals Acropora, massive corals Porites and corals from the family Faviidae and solitary corals from the family Fungidae. Commonly found reef association biota include soft corals, Crinoid sea lilies, Gorgonian and Ascidian-Tunicata. Based on the analysis results , the value of coral reef cover in this location is 25.40%. This means that the coral reefs are in the category of poor condition.

Bonetambung Island
This observation station is located on the north side of Bonetambung Island, which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. It is a small, densely inhabited island. The beach is white sand, the vegetation looks quite sparse, generally in the form of coconut plants and coastal vegetation from groups of trees. The water area is a fishing ground for local fishermen because traps were found at a depth of 14 m. The waters are very open. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef, with a fairly broad average, extending north-south. The permanent transect position is about 400 m from the beach. The bottom substrate of the waters is a reef flat which is dominated by hard substrates of dead coral, sandy and a small amount of live coral cover from massive Porites type corals. The coral reef is at a depth of 6 m. The slope of the reef is rather steep with a slope of 45 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef flat at a depth of 11.6 m. Live corals generally come from the massive coral groups Porites and Faviidae. Common reef association biota include Crinoid sea lilies, Holothuria and Ascidian-Tunicata. Based on the analysis results , the value of coral reef cover in this location is 8.53%. This means that the coral reefs are in the category of poor condition.

Baranglompo Island
This observation station is located on the north-west side of Baranglompo Island which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. This island is the most densely populated island. From the information received, this island is a sea cucumber collecting center for eastern Indonesia so that many people switch professions from fishermen to sea cucumber collectors. At the time of observation, a fisherman was also found looking for sea cucumbers using basic diving equipment. This island is a densely populated island which can be seen from the number of houses and public facilities such as mosques and health centers. On this island there is also a marine research station belonging to Hasanudin University. The island has white sand beaches, the vegetation is generally natural coastal vegetation from groups of trees. The water area is a location for local fishermen to catch. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef, the average is quite wide extending from north to south. The position of the permanent transect is about 300 m north of the island and is on the edge. The bottom substrate of the reef flat waters was dominated by live coral cover from massive groups of Porites corals and branching corals Pocillopora and Seriatopora. There are sandy sections and hard substrates derived from dead coral. The coral reef is at a depth of 6m with a rather steep slope of the reef with a slope of 45 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef slope at a depth of 6m. The live corals generally come from the massive Porites coral group, the Seriatopora branching coral, the Pocillopora submassive coral group and the Fungiidae free living coral group. Common reef association biota include Crinoid sea lilies, sea anemones, Holothuria and Ascidian-Tunicata. Based on the analysis results , the value of coral reef cover in this location is 27.73%. This means that the condition of coral reefs is in a fairly good category.

Barangcaddi Island
This observation station is located on the north-west side of Barrangcaddi Island which is in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. This island is a small inhabited island. White sandy beach, part of which is made of wave dams. Vegetation is very sparse with only a few coconut plants and natural vegetation of tree clusters. The water area is a location for local fishermen to catch. Very open water conditions. Coral reefs are included in the type of fringing reef with a fairly wide average extending north-south. The permanent transect position is about 800 m from the beach. The bottom substrate of the waters was dominated by hard substrate from dead coral and live coral cover from the massive Porites coral group and Isopora submassive coral and Acropora tabulate coral. The coral reef is at a depth of 3 to 4 m with a slope of about 45 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef slope at a depth of 7.5 m. Live corals are generally tabulated corals Acropora, massive corals of Porites and Faviidae groups, submassive corals of Isopora and Pocillopora, and free living corals of Fungiidae. Common reef association biota include soft corals, Crinoid sea lilies, Holothuria and Ascidian-Tunicata. Based on the analysis results, the value of coral reef cover in this location is 18.40%. This means that the condition of coral reefs is in the poor category.

Gosong Bonelola
This observation station is located on the charred rock of Bonelola, which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. These waters are an open area. There is only a pillar of iron which is a sign of the location of the charred coral. The coral reefs at this location are of the patch reef type with a not-toowide average. The position of the observation transect was in the reef flat area at a depth of 3.7 m. The bottom substrate of reef flat waters is dominated by sandy bottoms and dead coral debris. Live coral cover from submassive group Isopora and massive group Porites, tabulate coral Acropora and blue coral Heliopora. The coral reefs are at a depth of 5 m with rather steep conditions with a slope of about 45 degrees to a depth of 15 m. The live corals are generally tabulate coral Acropora, massive coral Porites and Faviidae, submassive coral Isopora, blue coral Heliopora and free living coral from the Fungiidae group. Common reef association biota include Diadema sea urchins, Crinoid sea lilies, sponges, Gorgonian and Ascidian-Tunicata sea fans. Based on the analysis results, the value of coral reef cover in this location is 29.53%. This means that the condition of coral reefs is in a fairly good category.

Samalona Island
This observation station is located on the north-west side of Samalona Island which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. The island is white sandy, the vegetation is generally natural coastal vegetation from groups of trees and herbaceous plants vines on the ground surface. The water area is a fishing ground for local fishermen and is the main marine tourism destination in Spermonde Waters. Coral reefs are classified as fringing reef types with a not too wide average. The permanent transect position is about 300 m from the beach. The bottom substrate of the waters is dominated by a sandy bottom and a hard substrate of dead coral. Live corals were found from the branching coral group Acropora and free living coral Fungiidae. Coral reef at a depth of 3-5 m with rather steep conditions on a slope of 40-50 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef slope at a depth of 6 m. Live corals are generally in the form of branching corals Acropora and free living corals Fungiidae. Common associated biota include soft corals, sea lilies, Holothuria and Ascidian-Tunicata. Based on the results of the analysis, the value of coral reef cover in this location is 13.74%. This indicates that the condition of coral reefs is in the poor category.

Kayangan Island
This observation station is located on the north-west side of Kayangan Island, which is included in the administrative area of Sangkarang District, Makassar City. Kayangan Island is privately owned and developed as an uninhabited tourist island and is very close to the mainland of Makassar City. There is a wave barrier on the beach. Vegetation is very sparse, mostly natural coastal vegetation from groups of trees and cypresses. The territorial waters are the shipping trajectories and ship anchors in and out of the Makassar City port. The waters are a bit open. The water conditions are quite cloudy with a horizontal visibility of 4-5 m more. The coral reefs at this location are classified as fringing reefs with a relatively small reef flat. The permanent transect position is about 500 m from the beach. The bottom substrate of reef flat waters is dominated by a sandy bottom with high sedimentation and a hard substrate of dead coral. Sloping reef slopes with a slope of about 30 degrees. The observation transect was on the reef slope at a depth of 3.8 m. The live corals found generally came from the massive Porites coral group and the Faviidae coral group and the Mussidae submassive coral group. Many Holothuria were found attached to the sponge as a coral association biota. Based on the analysis results , the value of coral reef cover in this location is 8.20%. This indicates that the condition of coral reefs is in the poor category

Temporal Live Coral Cover (2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018)
The condition of coral reefs is temporally defined as changes in the cover of live coral and other benthic reefs at the same location over a certain period of time. The results of monitoring live coral cover in Spermonde waters are presented in Figure 2 below.  Table 4 below. Bonetambung Island Station is a densely populated island and its waters are fishing grounds for local fishers. While Kayangan Island is a private island managed for tourism needs. The very low live coral cover at both sites was made possible by many factors. Based on information from local residents, Bonetambung Island had become a fishing location that was not environmentally friendly with bombing practices in the previous year which caused low coral cover in this location. The same thing is shown at the Pulau Kayangan station which is a tourist island and very close to the mainland. The water condition on this island is very cloudy due to high sedimentation and is a shipping route for ships to and from the port of Makassar City. The turbidity of the water caused by high sedimentation from the land causes the penetration of light into the water to be hampered so that the coral growth process will also be hampered (Xiubao et al., 2012). This was exacerbated by reclamation activities for the construction of ports and housing which began at the end of 2017. However, an increase in live coral cover was seen at both stations, one of which was because the practice of fishing with bombs and poison had begun to decrease.

Distribution and Richness of Coral Genus
The distribution and richness of coral genus can be calculated from the presence and number of genera in a certain area. The results of the inventory of coral families and genera along the waters of the Spermonde Islands, Makassar City in 2018 are presented in Figure  19. In general, the types of corals found were not much different from 2017. The total genus of corals found at 14 observation stations reached 64 genera from 16 families. Consisting of 62 genera of the hard coral group (Ordo Scleractinia) and two genera of soft reef-building corals, namely the fire coral Millepora (Family Milleporidae, Order Anthomedusae) and blue coral Heliopora (Family Helioporidae, Order Helioporacea) (Fig. 3). The number of these genera is categorized as high, which is about 75.6% of the total 82 genera of hard corals in Indonesia (Suharsono, 2010) and 73.8% of the total 84 genera in the world (Veron, 2000; Spalding, 2007).  -rata 27,83 2,70 25,13 0,07 35,55 1,69 3,07 0,38 2,07 17,70 11,62 0,00 0,00 100 such as the use of bombs, because they are far from being monitored. The richness of the coral genus in an aquatic area can vary, depending on the physical conditions of the waters, the aquatic environment, human activities and land development in coastal areas and small islands (Susanto, 2010). In addition, biological and ecological factors such as species dominance, interactions and associations of coral reef biota and the limited distribution of certain genera combine with other factors above in determining the richness of coral genus in an area. Unsustainable fisheries activities such as the use of bombs (heard and found evidence of massive coral fractures and dead fish during monitoring) as well as other activities such as tourism, nutrient enrichment from the mainland coast of Makassar have the potential to damage coral reefs and vulnerability to coral biota.

Coral reef health index
Coral reef health index value describes the health of coral reefs in one location. In addition, the value of the coral reef health index is used as a comparative study between one location and another, or in the same location but at different times for observations between time or series, so that data changes can be seen every time.
Based on the analysis of the health index value of coral reefs in Spermonde Waters, the average index value is 4 or is in the medium category. This illustrates that the condition of live coral cover is in the medium category, the potential value of coral recovery is low compared to the value of the coral reef fish category which is also in the low category. Coral health index values at each location are presented in Table 5 below. Table 5. Coral reef health index value in Central Tapanuli in 2018