Comparison Of Voltage Measurements on DC Gearbox Motor and PWM Voltage Based On Arduino Uno

. In this research, a DC motor tested using the L298 motor driver which is controlled by Arduino as the motor speed regulator and using the PWM method as a speed control signal generator for the DC motor. This research has several stages, namely literature study, arduino-based dc motor design, Arduino-based dc motor production, Arduino-based dc motor testing, then analysis of research results and conclusions are drawn. Testing on this Arduino-bas, ed DC motor was done with several experiments, by adjust the motor speed by setting the pwm value in the program listing section then measuring the pwm output on pin 9 of the Arduino Uno board. Then measurements were made on the right and left side of the motor. This experiment was carried out by setting the pwm value from 15 to 255 to determine the difference in the increase in the PWM output voltage and determine the voltage on the motor and determine the condition of the DC motor. The test results show that the initial motor moves when the set value of PWM = 45, PWM voltage = 0.83 V, right motor voltage = 1.53 V, and left motor = 1.75 V.


Introduction
In this era, humans rely a lot on an electric motor for their daily needs. The use of electric motors has been widely carried out starting from household appliances, factory equipment, robotics, aircraft, computers and other electronic devices.
The development of advances in motor technology is expect to make the motor work reliably and efficiently. To achieve these expectations can finish by modifying some parts of the motor so that it can work optimally and efficiently. A dc motor is one type of electric motor that is currently often used.
In its use, a DC motor requires a direct voltage supply to the field coil, which converted into mechanical energy. The construction consists of two parts, namely a stator and a rotor. The field coil in a dc motor called the stator or the non-rotating part and the coil called the rotor or the rotating part.
If there is a rotation of the inner armature coil in a magnetic field, a voltage (electromotive force) will arise which changes direction in every half turn, so it is an alternating voltage.
In this study, an experiment carried out to control motor speed using PWM and an Arduino Uno-based L298 motor drive. The purpose of this research is to determine the efficiency of electric power that is connect to control a DC electric motor. * Corresponding author : miftachul.ulum@trunojoyo.ac.id

Reseach Method
In this section, the research steps and explanations will be shown.

Arduino
Arduino is an open source and free software that used to build AVR programs. Arduino specially designed to support Arduino brand modules, kits, or circuit boards. Arduino has implemented an object-oriented programming model. The compiler that Arduino uses is an AVR-GCC Compiler. [3] Arduino is equipped with libraries that contain class definitions. With this library, building AVR application programs becomes easier. Arduino has also been equipped with an AVR program project editor and this editor was developed using the Java language.[3]

Motor DC
Moto DC motors require a direct voltage supply to the field coil converted into mechanical energy. In a dc motors there are two coils, namely the field coil whose function is to produce a magnetic field and the anchor coil serves as a place for the formation of an electromotive force (emf E).
If the current in the armature coil interacts with a magnetic field, a torque (T) will arise which will rotate a motor.[1]

Driver Motor H Bridge
H-Bridge is a circuit used to control a DC motor. The H-Bridge transistor DC motor driver can control the direction of rotation of the DC motor in 2 directions and can be controlled using the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) method as well as the TTL (High) and (Low) basic logic signal methods. [2] DC Motor Driver with TTL logic method (0 and 1) or High and Low can only control the DC motor rotation direction in 2 directions without controlling the rotation speed (maximum speed). To control a DC motor in 2 directions with an H-bridge DC motor driver circuit above the control configuration on the input line is to provide input in the form of TTL logic to input lines A and B as follows: [2] 1. To control the direction of rotation in a clockwise direction is to provide logic TTL 1 (high) on input line A and logic TTL 0 (low) on input line B.
[2] 2. To control the counterclockwise rotation direction is to provide logic TTL 1 (high) on input line B and logic TTL 0 (low) on input line A. [2]

PWM
Pulse witdh modulation (PWM) is one of the techniques used to control the power (power) usually regulates how much voltage will be used by sending a signal or pulse in the form of a signal. PWM in this study will be used to control the duty cycle on the signal that will be used to drive the motor so that the motor speed can be controlled. [4]ulse witdh modulation (PWM). [4]

Fig. 2. Duty Cycle PWM
The form of the PWM signal can be seen in Figure  2, a pulse is generated by the PWM signal every 1/500 second, the pulse length will control the amount of voltage received by the motor, if no pulse is entered, the motor will not rotate until the next pulse arrives. [4]

Manufacture Product
The design of an Arduino-based dc motor and a l298 motor driver is carried out using equipment that has been prepared in advance and is well designed, because to get the results of the research as desired.
The tools and materials needed in this design are arduino uno, L298N motor driver, two gearbox motors and a battery as a supply of electrical power to the circuit.  In this section, several measurement experiments are carried out, namely measuring the voltage when the PWM is set at a value of 15 to 255. Then measurements are also made on the PWM output at pin 9 on the Arduino Uno board. This measurement is carried out to determine the characteristics of the voltage generated from PWM as a dc motor speed regulator.

Result and Analysis
The test in this study carried out several measurements, measuring the voltage at the PWM output at pin 9 on the Arduino Uno board, then measuring the voltage on the right dc motor and the left dc motor. The measurement results are shown in Figure .6.   Figure 6 shows that when PWM is set at a value of 15 to 255 the output voltage will also experience a linear increase. It can be seen that the voltage measurement results increase following the increase in the PWM setting value, the smallest PWM voltage output shows a value of <0.5V, and the largest PWM voltage measurement results = <5 V.

Conclusion
The results of this study, several conclusions can be drawn, namely: 1. In this study, the motor control uses the L298 motor driver, using Arduino as the brain to process the PWM motor speed controller to generate pulses as input for the L298 motor driver. 2. The results show that the first time the motor rotates when the PWM is 45, the voltage on the right motor = 1.53V, the left motor = 1.75V and the PWM voltage = 0.83V. 3. The measurement results show a fairly linear increase from the smallest PWM at PWM 15 to PWM 255, namely at the PWM voltage output, right motor voltage and left motor.