Taxonomy and bioecology of Hemiptera Diaspididae in fruit and landscape trees

. Scales damage many plants such as apples, pears, plums, quinces, peaches, almonds, hawthorn, pine, poplar and other orchards and ornamental trees. According to the taxonomic composition of the fauna of scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province in Uzbekistan, the number of generations in the family Diaspididae in the fauna is 18 ( Diaspidiotus, Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis, Salicicola, Parlatoria, Lepidosapis, Lepidosaphes, Lepidosaphes, Lepidosaphes Carulaspis, Rhizaspidiotus, and Pseudaulacaspis ), and the number of species was 30. Diaspidiotus (8 species, 26.6%) and Lepidosaphes (4 species, 13.3%) predominate in the distribution of species, while Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis, Salicicola, Parlatoria, Leucaspis, Aulacaspis, Aonidia, and Chon . The number of species of the genus Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis and Rhizaspidiotus is monotypic, the representatives of the genus Parlatoria and Chionaspis have 2 species and account for 13.3% of the total fauna. Aonidia, Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis and Rhizaspidiotus genus have 1 species, accounting for 46.7% of the


Introduction
Today, the cultivation and supply of fruits and vegetables to the population is one of the most important priorities of agriculture in the world [1,12]. At the same time, the fact that the negative impact of pests and diseases on crops increases to 35-40%, indicates the need to further improve the system of combating them. In particular, scales, which are serious pests of fruit and ornamental plants, cost the agricultural and horticultural sector $ 5 billion a year [2,16]. Accordingly, the identification of harmful diaspid species in fruit and ornamental trees, the development of measures to combat them is of great scientific and practical importance [2].
In the world today, special attention is paid to diaspidological research, the study of the faunal composition of different regions by modern methods, the study of their origin on the basis of the evolution of scales. Work has been developed on the faunistic composition, biology, ecology, taxonomic composition, trophic relationships and phylogeny of diaspidofauna of ecological zones in different regions [3,10,14]. It should be noted that research is needed to identify the fauna of scales in fruit and ornamental plants, their morpho-ecological properties, biological characteristics of some common species, adaptation to living in food plants and the use of integrated control methods [4,7]. In this regard, further development of scientific research, including the identification of species diversity of scales, assessment of the impact of pests on trees and shrubs, the study of the distribution, biology and ecological characteristics of the most serious species, is of great scientific and practical importance [4,[13][14][15].
In Uzbekistan, along with various sectors of agriculture, great attention is paid to the full satisfaction of the needs of the population in fruit and vegetable products through the development of horticulture on the basis of state programs. In this regard, in particular, new intensive gardens have been established and a number of measures have been taken to increase productivity [5][6][7]. The Action Strategy for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan sets tasks to further strengthen the country's food security, expand the production of environmentally friendly products, and significantly increase the export potential of the agricultural sector. In carrying out these tasks, scientific and practical research aimed at identifying the fauna of scales and their seasonal dynamics, including the improvement of coordinated protection measures against them, plays an important role [6][7][8].
Today, the world's leading countries pay special attention to the study of the bioecology of orchard pests, which play an important role in the sustainable development of the agricultural complex and food security. Here, especially in the orchards of Uzbekistan, California scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus Comst) pests for almost all species and widespread fruit trees are mainly apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, cherries, apricots, as well as black currants, hawthorn, rose, willow, flowers, red-fruited shrubs cause serious damage to plants ( Figure 1) [9,10,16].  [6,12]. The materials of the collection were stored in separate boxes; the specimens on the leaves were kept in a herbarium, while the scales were cut from 10-15 cm long branches of the forage plant.
The study of the biological properties of scales began in the spring and was systematically monitored at weekly intervals. Observations were performed using the bioassay method (once a day) on selected model trees based on the order of scales in the plant body, branches and twigs, as well as the order of scales in fruits and leaves. In addition, when taking samples from scales, an attempt was made to take the trees on the circular sides of parts of the same height from the ground. Variation in the number of scales in the module trees, the life processes of laying eggs, the emergence of larvae, the emergence of males were also studied.
In the laboratory, samples taken from the twigs of forage plants in nature were placed in beakers of water. In addition to the vital processes in the branches, it is possible to observe the duration of the vital processes of scales. We have seen that the life of twigs stored in water containers can last a month or two. Naturally, during these months there will be an opportunity to study the biological properties of scales in the branches. This was done by photographing the egg laying of scales under natural conditions and counting the eggs laid. The fertility of the females located on the branch was determined as follows. As the scale of the scales on the rod was raised, the number of eggs laid under the scale was counted using magnifiers. The fertility of scales was determined and processed in the laboratory using a stereoscope binocular, and statistical and zoogeographic analysis was performed. The morphological and classification characteristics of scales have been studied on the basis of a number of identifiers and scientific sources relevant to the field.
The study of the biological properties of scales took into account, first of all, the period of their wintering, the emergence of larvae from eggs in spring, the gradual transition of larvae from the first to the second year, skin shedding, young females or males. In addition, larvae of male insects were isolated and stored in test tubes, and the time of emergence of males in the laboratory was determined. Also, under MBS-9 binoculars, the processes of female egg laying and larval emergence from eggs were constantly monitored. The development of scales found in selected and selected tree trunks was monitored on a regular basis (Tashkent province and Tashkent city).
Samples from plants infested with scales were cut, labeled, and studied in the laboratory. Samples taken during the field observations were numbered and recorded in a notebook. During sampling from different ecological zones, 10 control plants were selected from all four sides of the area, and 10 samples were taken from them. The trees under control were conditionally divided into three tiers, and the placement of scales along the tiers was determined. The control focused on the number of tufts, the age and composition of the populations. The length of the horns taken from the samples was 10 cm. Some of the samples (bark, twigs, leaves, and fruits) were cut and placed in a special box lined with cotton wool, and some were soaked in 70% alcohol and fixed in the laboratory to study the species composition.
Morphological characteristics and morphometric dimensions of scales were monitored in the laboratory under a magnifying glass and MBS-9 binocular microscope. In the process of collecting material, the age of the offspring of scale individuals was also clarified. The research was conducted in an artificially organized environment as well as in natural conditions. In the laboratory, studies of the embryonic development of scales have been conducted on species that have been artificially adapted to live in individual plants.
Permanent field observations on biological and ecological properties of scales were conducted in Tashkent province and Tashkent, and practical laboratory observations were conducted at the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Laboratory of Entomophagous Ecology and the Department of Plant Protection of Tashkent State Agrarian University.

Results and discussion
The fauna and taxonomic analysis of scales found in fruit and ornamental trees of Tashkent province were studied. The following are the results of taxonomic analysis of scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province (Table 1).  Figure 2).

Conclusion
According to the taxonomic composition of the fauna of scales found in fruit and ornamental plants of Tashkent province, the number of generations in the family Diaspididae in the fauna is 18 (Diaspidseiotus, Diaspis, Dynaspidiotus, Unaspis, Shansiaspis, Salicicola, Parlatoria, Lepidosapis, Lepidosaphes, Lepidosaphes, Lepidosaphes Carulaspis, Rhizaspidiotus, and Pseudaulacaspis), and the number of species was 30.
The number of species of the genus Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis and Rhizaspidiotus is monotypic, the representatives of the genus Parlatoria and Chionaspis have 2 species and account for 13.3% of the total fauna, while Aonidia, Chlidaspis, Prodiaspis, Mercetaspis, Carulaspis and Rhizaspidiotus genus have 1 species, accounting for 46.7% of the total fauna.
In apple orchards, the purple scale and California scale accounted for 34.4% of the total scale damage rate. California scale infestation of fruit trees affected 12.8% of pears and apples, 10.1% of plums and apricots, 10.9% of cherries and quinces, 9.7% of peaches, and at least 8.6% of cherries.