Importance of fungus in feeding termites with sunflower plants

Fungal species were isolated from samples of damaged sunflower. The strains selected on the basis of cultural and morphological characteristics belonged to the species Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tennus and Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solan, and fungal strains were identified, as well as fungal strains, and fungal strains 67, termites, termarium, oxolbate 10, oxoliban 10 - to termites, oxolbate 10 - to termites, oxolbate 10.9%.


Introduction
Representatives of the termite group of insects (Isoptera) are very common in nature and they live in communities in various ecological environments associated with the soil. There are currently 2,800 species of termites known. Of these, 120 species were recorded as pests [1,2].
Termites have been steadily increasing in numbers over the centuries, constantly expanding their habitat, and are also attacking urbanized biogeocenoses and agrocenoses in extreme conditions. Two species of the genus Anacanthotermes belong to the genus Anacanthotermes: Turkestan (A. turkestanicus Jacobs) and the Great Trans-Caspian (A. ahngerianus Jacobs.). Especially in the last 20-30 years in almost all regions of the country inhabited houses, agricultural buildings and historical, causing great damage to monuments [3,8]. Today, special attention is paid to the development of effective means of combating termites, as well as the protection of buildings, strategic sites and cultural and historical monuments from them.
In order to develop a strategy for the control of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes, the identification of their natural enemies, pathogens and microorganisms is of great scientific and practical importance in the targeted control of the number of termites in terms of their biology, ecology and some functional characteristics of behavior [4,6].
Although a number of studies have been conducted in Uzbekistan on control and prevention of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes, the available data show that termites are protected from latent lifestyles, environmental factors, functional specialization of their layers in termite nests, their large number in nests, and the ability of a small number of remaining termites to regenerate their populations at a rapid rate complicates existing control measures [5,7].
Given the above, one of the most pressing issues today is the development of environmentally friendly, improved, highly effective methods of combating termites. Therefore, in order to improve the toxic feeds used in practice today, there is a need to increase the attractiveness of the feed and to facilitate the delivery of feed. This leads to an increase in the biological efficiency and duration of exposure of the feed, which in turn plays an important role in the control of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes [3,9,10].
It was found that sunflower stalks, which are used as a food substrate in the preparation of termite forage, are left in the ground for a while, then dark, in some cases covered with gray fungus, and forage made from sunflower stalks covered with this fungus is preferred by termites. At the same time, in order to improve the toxic feed, there is a need to increase the attractiveness of the feed, and we aim to study the species composition and morphocultural properties of these fungi.

Materials and methods
As research materials, different age groups of termites belonging to the genus Anacanthotermes -working termites were studied. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Ecology of Entomophages and Theoretical Foundations of Biosteres of the Institute of Physiology of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Research work on the detection of thermocidal substances that attract termites was carried out in the laboratory [5,11,12].
In order to determine the most optimal content in the nutritional properties of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes, a sunflower plant was selected to determine the type of microscopic fungi that grow naturally.
In order to distinguish microscopic fungal species from the upper part of the sunflower plant, the following steps were taken: 'Chapeka' nutrient medium was selected and prepared for the isolation of fungal strains. To do this, the reagents that make up the nutrient medium were weighed on an electronic scale according to the recipe and dissolved in 1 liter of water. The finished mixture was sterilized in an autoclave at a pressure of 1 atm for 20 min by adding 16 g of agar to 1 liter. Sterilized water and agar agar were prepared in test tubes for planting in Petri dishes by diluting the fungi [9,13] (Table 1). Sterilized 'Chapeka' nutrient medium was poured into a box petriles in a volume of 10 ml, and after the nutrient medium in the cup had solidified, the suspension was prepared by pouring sterile water from the stem of the Sunflower plant into sterile water solutions inside and out.
1. Add 0.5 ml of suspension from the suspension to the agar cups and rub the whole cup with a spatula. 2. From the stem part was planted black and white bark and the inner part was planted in the cup petri using a microbiological 'petlichka' using the fork zigzag and fork method.
Planted cups were grown in a thermostat for 6-7 days at 28-30 0 C [5], and the culturalmorphological characteristics of the grown fungi were determined. Cultural features were determined by the shape and size of the mycelium, while the morphological features of the color and structure of fungal colonies. The experiments were performed under a digitized binocular NLCD-307V-2 microscope [4,9,14].
The biological activity of isolated fungal strains against termites was studied. To do this, 20 working termites were placed on clay wormwood and sterilized Petri dishes. Appropriate concentrations of drugs are soaked 2x2 cm. sized filter paper was placed in Petri dishes and given to the termites as food. Each experiment was placed in 5 repetitions. The suspension of the fungi was soaked in 1.0 ml of filter paper used as feed. Distilled water was added to the filter paper in a Petri dish with termites in the control variant. Petri dishes with termites were stored in a cool, dark place. Each day, the experimental options were checked, calculated, and recorded in a daily journal. The number of surviving, paralyzed and dead termites was calculated. Each day, the filter paper in the Petri dish containing the surviving termites was moistened with 0.02 ml of distilled water. The experiment was followed for 10 days.
Distilled water was added to the filter paper in a Petri dish containing termites in the control variant. The number of termites was calculated by examining the experimental options daily. The experiment was followed for 10 days. Biological efficacy against termites was calculated based on the Abbot formula [15].

Results and discussion
The morphological and cultural characteristics of the isolated fungi were examined by removing the stems of the sunflower plant from the black part, the white part and the stem parts from the suspension by placing them in a liquid solution in a liquid nutrient medium. Studies have shown that in the studied samples, mainly black and white fluffy-shaped colonies grew. The appearance of cultural and morphological characteristics of fungi is given in Table 2. In the early stages of colonial growth, the whitegray color later turned black. The growth of the colonies is fluffy, the edges are not smooth. The back of the cup is black.

(top cut white part)
The colony is white, the growth is fluffy, the edges are flat. The back of the cup is white to light pink.

(suspension of the torn part of the stem)
Colony growth consists of fluffy colonies of a flat black and white color. The back of the cup is mostly black. Alternaria alternata Vegetative hyphae are spread, the color is olive or olive-brown during the initial growth period. conidia primary and bundled 2-5 μm, short, slightly elongated, dark greenish-brown in color, korichnevatye or burovatye tones; the upper part of the conidia is shortened, branched in some normal hallucinations, single-or multi-celled diurnal obstruction. Alternaria tennus In an agar environment, the color ranges from olive to dark brown. Gifs are colorless, then green and dark olive, 3-6 microns thick. Conidia are simple and sometimes branched. located as a bush. However, when grown in an agar environment, the primary dark olive color ranges from dark olive color to dark olive color.
During the study, 15 different strain species were isolated from the black and white parts of the bark part of the sunflower plant. When the morphological and cultural characteristics of the isolated strains were studied and traditionally identified, it was found that they belonged mainly to the species Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tennus and Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani [9].
In this case, the growth of colonies is fluffy, the edges are not smooth. The back of the cup is black. Vegetative hyphae were observed, olive-brown conidia were primary and bundled 2-5 μm, slightly elongated (Figures 1 and 2).
In our next study, the effect of a 1x10 7 prepared suspension of fungi isolated from a sunflower plant on the biological efficacy of termites was studied. Observations were made for 3, 7, and 10 days. On the 10th day, this figure increased by 61.5%. The highest biological efficacy against termites was observed in the variant fed with Fusarium oxysporum, a suspension of the fungus. Experiments showed a slight increase of 10.4 -46.7 -67.9%, respectively, on the respective days. In summary, in scientific studies: in order to determine the reasons for the preference of termites for fungal-covered sunflower stalks, 15 different strain species were isolated from the black and white parts of the bark of the plant. When their morphocultural properties were identified, it was found that Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tennus and Fusarium oxysporum belong to the species Fusarium solan, and the biological activity of fungal strains against termites Alternaria alternata, 10.4-61.5% and Fusarium oxysporum 10.4 -67.9% formed, and it was found that these fungi play an important role in the decomposition of a certain amount of cellulose in the stem of a sunflower plant.

Conclusion
Fungal strains were isolated from sunflower plant samples in the stem bark layer. The strains selected on the basis of cultural and morphological features were found to belong to Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tennus and Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solan species. 61.5% and Fusarium oxysporum 10.4 -67.9%; it was found that these fungi play an important role in the decomposition of a certain amount of cellulose in the stem of a sunflower plant.