Index System Establishment of “Guidelines for the Construction of Park City” Referring to International Experience

As a new mode of urban planning and construction under the guidance of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, park city construction provides a new direction for green, high-quality and sustainable development of Chinese cities. In order to achieve the vision of park city, Hubei Province of China issued China’s first local standard, “Guidelines for the Construction of Park City”, in 2019, putting forward the indicators and relevant requirements for the construction of park city which covering urban planning, construction and governance. In this paper, the index system of Sustainable Development of United Nations, British National Park City of London, master plan of New York and Resilient Chicago, “Garden City” of Singapore concerning urban planning and construction has been reviewed during preparation, which lay a good foundation for the establishment of “Guidelines for the Construction of Park City”. The guidelines show the thoughts and basic contents of the index system establishment, and clarify specific construction requirements from 7 aspects including ecological environment, living environment, safety environment, cityscape, industrial development and social governance, which provide a profound basis and reference for the construction and development of China’s Park City.


Introduction
In the process of urban development, with the accleleration of urbanization and the improvement of economic level, a large number of urban problems have emerged, such as ecological deterioration, environmental pollution, and insufficient supply of ecological products, which hinder the high-quality and sustainable development of the city to some extent. Therefore, people begin to explore how to improve urban living environment from diverse perspectives like ecology, function, and society. The concepts of "garden city", "ecological city" and "green city" provide ideas and methods for modern urban planning and construction. Since 1990, a series of urban construction and development models, such as "health city", "scenic city", "landscape city" and "ecological landscape city", have been proposed in China to deal with the problems of urban development in different stages and under specific background of times. In 2018, General Secretary Xi put forward the construction of "Park City" as a new mode of urban development in the new era of ecological civilization construction, which reflects the higher requirements of the central government for the original urban development mode and further efforts on exploring green and sustainable development. Many experts and scholars as well as local cities have taken the lead in the research on Park City construction, including the backgrounds, connotations, characteristics, construction path and indicators of Park City. In 2019, Hubei Province issued the first local standard, "Guidelines for the Construction of Park City", which setting out indicators and relevant requirements for Park City ranging from urban planning, construction to governance. The author of this paper, as the main completer of this guidelines, studied and drew on the advanced experience of urban planning and construction in developed countries involving ecological environment protection and construction,urban sustainable development an so on in the process of compiling the standard. The summary and analysis are as follows, which could provide the basis and reference for the green and sustainable development of cities and achieve the vision of Park City.
indicators, among which there are 50 core indicators, covering three aspects of society, environment and economy. Social indicators reflect urban living standards, such as the proportion of people with income below the national poverty line, the proportion of people with access to improved drinking water sources, and the percentage of people with access to basic medical facilities. Environmental indicators reflect the situation of ecological environment, such as the proportion of natural ecological reserves, carbon dioxide emissions, etc. Economic indicators reflect the degree and efficiency of economic development, such as per capita GDP, material utilization intensity, etc.
In September 2015, the countries of the world approved the "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" [2] and its 17 sustainable development goals, which established over the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals and aimded to further eradicate poverty in all its forms. The unique feature of new goals is that it calls on all countries, regardless of poor, rich and middle-income countries, to act together to promote prosperity and protect the planet. The sustainable development goals recognize that efforts to eradicate poverty need to be accompanied by strategies that promote economic growth, meet social needs such as education, health, social protection and employment opportunities, and address climate change and environmental protection. Based on the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations, the United Nations Commission on sustainable development released a new version of global indicator framework, in which each target section sets a detailed breakdown of goals and corresponding indicators, reaching a total of 232 indicators. The indicators related to park city construction are summarized as shown in Table  1. Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 11.2.1 Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities 11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate 11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically 11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities 11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) 11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 12.4.1 Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement 12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per capita and proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment 12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material recycled 12.c.1 Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of GDP (production and consumption) and as a proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuels

The goal of National Park City in London
In 2018, Sadig Khan, the mayor of London, announced his ambitious plan to turn the British capital into the world's first "National Park City" and strengthen planning methods to achieve the goal of making London the greenest city in the world. Table 2 shows the understanding of the mayor and the city's partners on the National Park City, that is, the goals and strategic plans to achieve the construction of a National Park City.

Goal
Implemention strategy Protect and increase green spaces in the capital Develope a 'challenge map' highlighting areas where green infrastructures should be prioritied as a part of the mayor's target to make London achieve a green coverage rate over 50% Improve the accessibility of green spaces for Londoners of all ages, particularly those areas that are currently lacking in greenery Establish a Green Space Council to work with environmental experts to help boroughs attract investment for transforming and protecting their parks and green Spaces.
Enhance the quality of green space, and ensure they are well maintained to create healthy habitats for wildlife Developing new "urban greening elements" to ensure green roofs, green walls --growing plants and grass along busy roads --helps reduce pollution, with trees and rain gardens being incorporated into new developments in London.The mayor will also use his planning authority to protect our green belts and urban open land Value the health, environmental, social and economic benefits and values that London's green Spaces bring to the capital Focus on improving green coverage for "gray" space.With more Londoners living in flats, working in high-rise offices and fewer people having access to private gardens, the mayor wants to ensure that more streets and public spaces become greener to improve health and encourage more walking and cycling activities On the basis of setting National Park City requirements, the planning methods used by the mayor to achieve the above goals include strengthening the government's protection of the green belt, green space and natural environment through planning approval, while adding more green roofs, green walls, rain gardens and wildlife habitats in the new projects, and investing more on community green spaces and parks to plant a large number of new trees. The mayor would launch the first 9 million pounds of "Greener City Fund", which can be applied by community groups for new trees and maintenance in the community. It took the mayor just three years to invest in planting 170,000 trees and implement 200 green space improvement projects, which covering more than 175 hectares. The mayor's professional team pioneered the high-tech London green coverage map to identify the scope of London's greenery and help monitor these improvement projects which were in line with the mayor's goal.

Indicators of New York City Master Plan
Throughout the history of New York City, it has experienced six urban planning from the first regional planning in 1921 to the fourth comprehensive planning "PlaNYC2030：A Greener, Greater New York" in 2007 and "One New York: The Plan for A Strong and Just City (One NYC)" released in April 2015, which can be regarded as classic cases of urban planning and construction, driving New York to stay ahead of the times.
In 2015, New York released the fifth edition of urban planning 'One NYC', which was committed to New York City's economic growth, sustainability and resilience, but also to addressing equity issues and providing a strategic plan to achieve this goal together. "One NYC" developed strategies to address income inequality and the impact of climate change, while building a platform for economic growth and vitality in the next century. The plan set out four visions for implementing the plan, namely: our growing prosperous city, our fair and just city, a sustainable city and a resilient city. The vision for sustainability means that "New York will become the most sustainable city in the world, leading the world in dealing with climate change". This vision included minimizing New York's environmental footprint, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and having the cleanest air and water in any city in the United States. The highlight of the equity vision was to build an inclusive economy that provides highpaying jobs. The sustainability and resilience component also integrates the city's vision of equity. For climate adaptation, the plan described efforts to reduce flooding in Southeast Queens and develop a workforce development program to ensure resilience goals and create labours. The plan also worked to strengthen community-based organizations, improve emergency shelters and cooling centres in low-income and vulnerable communities, and increase the resilience of public housing. It can be seen that this plan embodies the idea of people-oriented and taking people's own interests as the goal [3] . In order to achieve the goal of One NYC, a set of key index system is developed with data being released every year. This set of index system includes 55 quantitative indicators. Some relevant indicators are extracted as shown in Table 3.

Indicators of Chicago's Resilient City
Chicago's strategic development has identified four resilience challenges, namely narrowing the gap between Chicago communities, addressing the root causes of crime and violence, ensuring the provision of critical infrastructure, and promoting participatory, preparedness and solidarity of communities. Chicago's resilient city is committed to addressing these challenges by creating a more connected city where residents, communities, institutions, companies and government agencies are successfully tied together. Chicago's resilient city is organized by three pillars including strong neighborhoods, robust infrastructure and prepared communities involving 12 goals and 50 actions set for support. The strategic framework is shown in Table 4.

Singapore's Strategies of "City in Garden" and "City in Nature"
Singapore regards the construction of a "Garden City" as a basic national policy. After half a century of unremitting efforts, focusing on greening and comprehensive environmental improvement, Singapore has finally transformed from a poor, messy island country into a beautiful and eye-catching "Garden City" [4] . In this process, we can systematically learn the experience of Singapore from the top-level design to the implementation of planning and construction, which is of great inspiration to China's construction of Park City.
(1) Raising urban environmental improvement to the level of national strategy, while strengthening the toplevel design. Singapore is the first country taking the construction of "garden city" as its basic national policy. In the early days of the founding of the Republic of Singapore, it introduced the important strategy of "garden city" in the face of significant ecological and living environment problems and ensured that environmental remediation and ecological greening construction remain as long-term basic national policy [5,6] .
(2) Developing a scientific and efficient, ecologically diverse, harmonious and open urban "blue-green" integrated system. The core part of Singapore's construction experience is aimed at the establishment of detailed implementation rules [5] . The most important step is to quickly improve green coverage by planting trees in residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas and government construction sites, and promote the implementation of three-dimensional greening, including wall greening, roof greening, fence greening, bridge greening and other greening forms, so as to create a vibrant appearance of city [7] . In the index system of Park City construction, these measures mentioned above can be reflected as "greening rate of built-up area", "ratio of three-dimensional greening" and "proportion of garden type residentials". In the general blueprint of Singapore, the target of providing 0.8 hectares of green space per 1000 people is set, which can be reflected in the index system of Park City as "area of park and green space per capita" and "area of residential green space per capita". Singapore's government attaches great importance to the cultivation of new varieties and the domestication of exotic plants on the basis of protecting the existing ancient and famous trees [8] .
At present, Singapore has put forward a new concept of transforming the existing "garden city" into "City in Garden" and "City in Nature", that is, a city where people live, work and play in garden. To better achieve this goal, Singapore has developed the "Singapore Green Plan 2030", a national sustainable development agenda including an action plan concerning all dimensions of life.
The key strategic concerns of "City in Garden" and "City in Nature" include park blueprint, park connector network, master blueprint of parks and water bodies, streetscape master blueprint, skyrise greenery, public participation in greening projects, sustainable living, green economy and resilient future [8] , as shown in Table 5. It can be seen that the construction of "City in nature" focuses on the construction of the park system. The adoption of the design technique of integrated blue and green spaces connect reserved lands of around waterways with parks, roads with roads, parks and nature reserve, wetlands and so on, which not only increases the greening, but also protects the developed water system.

International experience for reference
By summarizing and analyzing the international experience in the establishment of urban planning and construction index system, it can be seen that foreign countries attach great importance to the concept of sustainable development. At the same time, the ecological environment protection, the improvement of the quality of human settlements, the strengthening of infrastructure construction, the protection of urban human history and so on, have become hot spots in the process of urban planning and construction, as well as a future trend.
(1) Ideas that could be refered. Foreign countries attach great importance to the concept of sustainable development. Based on this, they integrate the ideas of "fairness" and "people-oriented" to urban planning, and actively guide the public to participate in urban planning, construction and management.
(2) Areas focused on and indicators for reference. The theory and practice of urban planning and construction have been developing and evolving in the past 100 years, shifting from the initial focus on architectural planning to multi-disciplinary participation in planning research and practice. Based on the analysis of the urban planning and construction index system of the United Kingdom, the United States and Singapore, it is found that the key fields concerning current urban planning and construction mainly include urban environment, housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, urban public facilities, urban culture, etc., that is, strengthening ecological protection, environmental improvement, landscape and cultural protection, and improving urban basic service functions, as shown in Table 6.

General idea design
The "Guidelines for the Construction of Park City" emphasizes the importance of planning to lead the Park City construction. It is required that planning and construction should be considered simultaneously, and the overall planning and top-level design should be done well in the direction of needs, problems and results. Park City construction should adhere to the ideas of peopleorientation, and make progress under the guidance of green development, sustainable development and highquality development, and in the same time, it reflects six values including ecology, livelihood, aesthetics, culture, development and society. We should respect the natural and human endowments, build park-like cities with beautiful ecological space, moderate living space, intensive and efficient production space, distinctive, afe and open regional and cultural characteristics. Based on the principles of open and co-governance, scientific and efficient, harmony and stability, this paper provides guidance for the formulation of Park City planning from six aspects including ecological value requirements, aesthetic value requirements, cultural value requirements, development value requirements, and social value requirements. The specific construction requirements are put forward from seven perspective involving ecological environment, park system, living environment, safety environment, cityscape, industrial development, and social governance, while clarified the key direction, important areas and main objectives of Park City construction, which provides decision-making reference for the government to build Park City.

Establishment of Index System
The framework structure of the "Guidelines" consists of three levels of Park City planning, construction and governance. Construction section invole seven special objectives including ecological environment, park system, living environment, safety environment, distinctive features, industrial development and social governance, while giving qualitative suggestions and 51 quantitative indicators, respectively. The important indicators extracted in this paper are briefly summarized as shown in Table 7. Comprehensive species index ≥0. 6 6 Black and smelly water treatment rate to 100% Park system 1 Urban park green area per capita≥15 m² 2 The lowest park green area per capita in each urban area ≥ 5.5m ²

3
Landscape recreation green space area per capita within the urban development boundary≥10 m² 4 Coverage of urban park green space within 500 m service radius ≥90% Living environment 1 Urban greening coverage rate ≥40% 2 Urban green land rate ≥35% 3 Avenue covered by tree promotion rate ≥85% 4 Community shared green space area per capita≥1.5 ㎡ 5 The number of days with good air quality in a year≥ 292 days 6 Gym area per capita ≥ 2 square meters 7 Public water supply penetration rate ≥90% 8 Sewage treatment rate ≥90% 9 Household waste recycling rate ≥35% 10 Public transport sharing rate ≥60% Safe environment 1 Standard highway traffic safety facilities≥80% 2 The coverage of emergency shelters in urban communities within a service radius of 500 meters will be 100% 3 The proportion of green buildings in new buildings ≥70% 4 New energy vehicles and achieve Ⅵ emission standard ratio ≥ 80% 5 The parking lot charging pile allocation rate ≥80% Characteristic features 1 Appearing assesment value of city ≥9.00 Industrial development 1 The contribution rate of green industries to GDP growth≥ 50% Social governance 1 Residents' participation in renovation of old residential areas ≥90% 2 Implementation rate of theme activities in the comprehensive park ≥1 times/month 3 Free opening rate of park green space should reach 100%

Conclusions
This paper mainly showed the previous analysis and thoughts on how to establish index system and indicators of China's Park City construction. As we know, the concept of "Park City " proposed in China is a new vision on developmemt, and at the preliminary stage of Park City construction, top design and targets setting are crucial to better promotion of Park City. In view of this, the establishment of index system and preperation of guidelines could take the lead in better understanding of park city construction and instructing practitioner of urban planning, construction and governance related to work professionally, especially for the administrators of local cities, clear indicators help them understand the difference between the target and the reality, as well as the important projects where should be paid attention.
According to comprehensive review on the index system or indicators of urban planning and construction, as well as the establishment of index system for China's Park City construction, it is not difficult to find that the construction of green home is the common dream of people across the world. In the new era of ecological civilization construction, Park City construction is an important method to solve the contradictions brought by industrial civilization, promote the harmonious coexistence of "human and nature" and the sustainable development of the city, and achieve the symbiotic development of "human, city and park". Generally speaking, it is believed by the author that the Park City construction has the following development trends: (1) Adhere to ecology as a priority, and strive to create a city with a high degree of integration of landscape and ecology and a harmonious symbiosis between city and nature. The construction of Park City should develop towards the two-way development of the "high-value" landscape and the "high-quality" ecology, taking nature as the beauty, protecting the nature, and reaching the beautiful urban park form and spatial pattern.
(2) Adhere to the people-oriented idea to create a livable and comfortable living environment. Under the bottom line thinking of reverence for nature, the development of cities should pay more attention to the needs of "people", especially giving full consideration to the reasonable satisfaction of the individual needs of all kinds of people, and creating a park city with sound infrastructure, perfect public services that everyone can enjoy in order to meet people's living needs, ensure people's safety and enhance resilience of cities. Meanwhile, people should be guided to participate in urban planning, construction and governance, from a