Rethinking the residential urban environment in Iraq - literature review

. Is a new study to understand the residential architectural environment in Iraq through survey of a series of international, regional and local research and studies related to the residential architectural environment (1991-2019), which approximates 20 studies. the general problem the absence of a clear theoretical scenario that describes the architectural residential environment for the circumstances experienced by the Iraq now. Therefore, the aim of study to give an accurate description and definition of vocabulary and concepts through Theoretical conception to achieve a broader understanding of the residential architectural environment in Iraq (definition of the residential living environment, Housing satisfaction standards and description of the problem of informal housing). This is done by introduction of a three-stage model research, and classification of three items (Housing Satisfaction, Urban Context, Architectural Formation).The results of this study are a set of factors are related to spatial objective reasons for different architectural residential environments are similar the Iraq circumstances. and the research put its observations in a table divided into three axes, to archived aim.


Introduction
Housing structure and related problems have intensified in Iraq since 2003 due to rapidly rising housing needs, non-compliance with laws and regulations, and ineffective government programs and policies in the face of growing cities, reflecting declining living standards in many cities. cities, Since the creation of the Iraqi state for over 100 years, many housing plans and programs aimed at solving housing problems and access to a living environment meet the objective needs of the population, but most of these strategies and programs have not been implemented due to the lack of an integrated approach in aspects. This study presents a new concept for understanding the residential architectural environment in Iraq by reformulating and identifying the components of the living environment in them and identifying the most important problems and defining the principles of composition, and then Develop solutions that contribute to the provision of decent housing. Therefore, the importance of the study lies in the study of the basic vocabulary and factors that influenced the formation of the living environment in the Middle East, Middle East, Eastern Europe and the West, as well as in Asia such as China, India and Malaysia. What constitutes a model of strategic vision, built on an objective basis in the process of redefining the components of the living environment, and how to reflect the achievement of comfort in a residential area based on the definition of the components of the principles of residential architecture applied in the Middle East and in Iraq in particular W, in (Iraq).
Studies of the first group, Classification of residential architectural environment in Iraq. concerned the concept of residential architectural environment [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. and focused on the meanings and form of residential architecture. Accordingly, they presented a set of issues related to socio-cultural factors and housing satisfaction standards that directly influence the formation of a residential architectural environment. where one could develop a conceptual formula entitled "Problems of Formation", which would later become the basis for the development of a conceptual framework to paraphrase the residential architectural environment. It was like that. in the table (1) Group Two Studies, Housing Satisfaction Standards or Socially Acceptable Housing. are devoted to housing policies, programs and standards [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18].aimed at solving the housing crisis in general. They referred to housing programs that could reduce the size of housing problems in different countries and establish housing criteria that can be adopted in addressing the challenges of the residential architectural environment in Iraq. It was like that. in the table (2) Third group studies, Informal housing. focused on informal and casual housing [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]. These are the most common housing problems in Iraq. At present, due to informal and casual housing, the urban environment does not provide a decent life for both individuals and families and society as a whole. The Researcher was able to find a new formula of knowledge (perspectives of problems) to form a conceptual framework in the future to develop appropriate solutions to describe problems, as well as through research in table (3). 1.4 A summary of the concepts and terminology that make up the residential architectural environment. Research -Model and Strategy Formulation for Redeveloping the Architectural Environment in Iraq By defining and understanding the components of this environment, it is based on concepts and factors, Seven factors have been identified (Social and Cultural Factors, Economic, Environmental and Climate, Geographic, Political and Security, Subjective or psychological planning) and six concepts (Concept of architectural emergence, Housing problems, Housing standards, Housing satisfaction and decent housing, Programs and strategies, Identity and transformation) that shape the living environment in a step towards solving the research problem by redefining the residential architectural environment and understanding its characteristics.

Ways to solve the identified problems
The study also shows that the problem under study will go through three main stages in order to solve it based on the classification. These classifications have been ordered according to previous studies and a diagram which is shown in Figure 1 below These classifications are considered as the core for solving the research problem, studying the architectural habitat in Iraq, clarifying the activities taking place in the residential environment, identifying them and further making planning and urban planning decisions after familiarizing themselves with the existing problems through the approved standards and achieving the main problem in the residential environment ... The study identified three categories of management studied. The researchers prepared tables indicating the most important concepts and factors related to the residential architectural environment, which were explained by previous studies and the reasons for their appearance, as well as the observations of the researchers as part of the action plan to analyze the selected studies. As shown in (

Analyze and discuss the results
The factors and concepts that make up the residential architectural environment are identified, determined by seven factors and six concepts, Table (4) This was done using previous studies that show the extent of its impact and its relationship with the residential environment. The process of formulating the results was done by knowing the degree of relationship of each concept and each factor with the living environment, where the results and available knowledge were interrupted by three groups of studies that were accepted in the study, namely (studies related to the formation of a residential architectural environment, studies related to housing standards, problems, policies and research related to informal housing), it was found that there is a need to reformulate and define the residential architectural environment, knowing the degree of connection (between the residential architectural environment and factors and specific concepts), This relationship is divided into three levels (1-strong correlation with degree 2, 2-average correlation with degree 1.3-weak correlation with degree 0). This explains the levels of concepts and factors involved in redefining and articulating a living environment capable of providing a better quality of life for its inhabitants. Table 4. The most important factors and concepts related to the residential architectural environment.

Methods for achieving the satisfaction of residents with elements of the living environment
Research is a model and strategic research for reformulating the architectural environment based on the vocabulary of this environment, determined by that time by the preparation of theoretical foundations based on two concepts of knowledge related to the subject of our research (problems of architectural configuration) and (shaping the prospects for possible solutions). If research shows that the process of connecting to any habitat depends on the nature of the environment chosen in terms of the quality of daily life and the most appropriate housing schemes, and the other party determines the incentives and housing standards based Identity and transformation Planning factors on the availability of economic opportunities to meet housing needs, thereby providing the population with more opportunities (Fig. 1).   Fig. 1. Scheme for determining criteria for satisfaction with housing

Redefining Residential Architecture in Iraq
A residential architectural environment can be defined as a social activity for individuals or a society with residential elements that make up an environment based on social norms and traditions, in accordance with modern conditions and requirements, as well as constant changes in intellectual products that are formed in the human mind ... And thus, reflecting on the behavior of people on a daily basis and based on this research, a new definition of the architectural environment can be developed: as an urban context that depends on the sociocultural economic context of specific environmental conditions and in accordance with standards and models. Housing is based on systems and laws and programs that are sustainable taking into account the requirements of modern life, the population. And thus, access to socially acceptable housing, providing the concept of decent housing or housing satisfaction. (Fig. 2).  Informal housing). By rethinking the architectural environment in Iraq, which includes a set of factors that make a living environment acceptable to Iraqis by conducting and analyzing global, regional 2. Examination of the existing literature has shown that the research available in Iraq is scarce and of low quality, since it does not use modern research methodology that could cover the living environment in different aspects and from different points of view. The most important factors that are related to the problems of the living environment are reflected in the realities of the country, as well as in informal or casual housing, which requires close examination.
3. Previous research develops social patterns after working with architectural environments in which the researcher can choose the best way to solve the problem of the elite living environment from certain aspects of the research. This is consistent with behavior, customs and social traditions and understanding of other aspects of tension, divided into economic, political and natural aspects of security.
4. The study presents a summary of cognitive trends from previous works through their main observations and analysis, which in the future can become a guideline in the preparation of a theoretical framework that determines the main research problem. The study identified factors that influenced the architectural environment in the public sphere, which are divided according to objective directions, which can be understood by three basic concepts (Satisfaction with housing, urban context, architectural formation). They are related to objective reasons for the various residential environments considered in the study. These equations and factors created architectural concepts and research formulas that can be adopted to understand the broader residential architectural environment. It is very important to determine the criteria on the basis of which decisions are formed for specific forms of the living environment, which would reflect the life of the population.