Efficiency of the use of the active working body on the front plow

This work aims to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of an active working body on a front plow. The necessity of using active working bodies is justified, and a front plow with passive and active working bodies is proposed. The efficiency of installing an active working body on a front plow is analyzed. The forces acting on the combined frontal plow are considered. The analysis of the influence of the active working body on the stability of the movement and the traction resistance of the front plow is carried out. The results of experimental studies of a frontal plow with active and passive working bodies are presented. The use of an active working body on the front plow increases the degree of soil crumbling by 8,5%, reduces the traction resistance and specific fuel consumption by 14,7% and 17,2%, respectively, and increases the productivity of the unit by 11,3%.


Introduction
The problem of efficient use of energy-saturated wheeled tractors is more acute when they aggregate wide-reach high-speed tillage machines. When testing and operating these machines, it was found [1-23] that the power of energy-saturated wheeled tractors is used inefficiently when they are aggregated since the traction force developed by the tractors was not sufficient for working at the required speeds in all soil and climatic conditions due to their insufficient coupling weight.
As the working speeds of machines with passive working bodies increase, their resistance increases, which leads to the need to work on reduced gears with incomplete engine loading and increased skidding of the propellers. The loss of power on skidding when working with wheeled tractors is 13-17% and in some periods 30-35% [24][25][26][27]. At low speeds, the technological process is disrupted, and the quality of processing is sharply reduced. In addition, when testing non-shaft rippers with passive working bodies, several shortcomings in their work were revealed, which manifested themselves to varying degrees in different soil conditions: when working in fields with plant residues, there is frequent clogging of the tool; when processing soils with low humidity and an over-compacted upper layer, a large number of large blocks are formed; on old-arable, waterlogged soils, the soil is often unloaded in front of the working bodies, which leads to their clogging.
One of the ways to solve this problem is the use of active working bodies on tillage machines with passive working bodies, which, along with technological functions, will also perform the functions of movers and thereby relieve a narrow link in the chain of energy transmission through the tractor's mover, and will also contribute to improving the productivity and efficiency of the unit [28][29][30][31].
This work aims to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of an active working body on a front plow.

Methods
The object of research is a frontal plow with passive and active working bodies. The study of the technological processes of the combined front plow was carried out in laboratory and field conditions, according to literature sources, patents, and test results of the developed machine. The research was carried out on the stubble of winter wheat from under the grain at the experimental site of the Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (NIMESH). The type of soil is light serozem. The hardness and moisture content of the soil along the horizons of 0-10, 10-20, 2-30 cm was 2,8; 3,51; 4,46 MPa and 8,1; 10,4; 12,8 %. The number of crop residues was 0,984 kg/m 2 . When determining the quality indicators of the plow, we were guided by the program and methodology for testing agricultural machines according to Tst 63.02.2001 "Testing of agricultural machinery. Machines and tools for deep tillage. Program and test methods".

Results and Discussion
The authors developed a front plow with active and passive working bodies (Fig.1), which consists of an active working body 1, passive leftand-right-turning bodies 2 and 3 with hoods 4. The active working body 1 receives a drive from the tractor power take-off shaft. We analyze the forces acting on its working organs to identify the disadvantages and advantages of a combined frontal plug with a passive and active working body. Fig.2 shows a diagram of the forces acting on a combined frontal plug with a passive and active working body [28].
For stable operation of the combined frontal plug in the longitudinal-vertical plane (without exiting the ground in the vertical direction), the following condition (in general view) for the general normal reaction of the soil on its support wheels must be fulfilled [29].
, 0 in this N is the total normal reaction force of the soil on the plug base wheels, Н; 1 G is the gravitational force of a combined frontal plug with a passive and active working body, N;   2. Scheme of forces acting on the combined frontal plug with active and passive working body: 1 is frame; 2 tractor suspension; 3 isbase wheel; 4 is active working body; 5 is corpus; 6 is plowman; 7 is roller coaster During the stable operation of the plow, the force N must have its positive value, otherwise, it will come out of the ground, i.e., the working depth will be reduced. The smaller this force, the smaller the loss F to move the plug. (where F = fN; fis the coefficient of resistance to rolling).
(2.1) It can be seen from the expression that the value of N in a passive working organ plug is positive. To overcome N force, a gravitational force with a large value must be applied. The base wheels of such a plug operate under severe conditions [28][29][30][31].
We do not consider the force N, which can occur when the share blades do not pass, negatively value. In active working bodies, R az is sometimes greater than the value of G 1 , so it often does not sink deep enough into the soil, especially when working at great depths. Installing active and passive working bodies on the plug allows you to take advantage of their advantages. The N force is mainly balanced by the G 1 and R az forces. The difference between them and the R pz force creates a small normal load on the base wheels, ensuring the machine's continuous smooth running at the same machining depth [28][29][30][31].
To analyze the operation of the combined frontal plug in the longitudinal-vertical plane (in the horizontal direction), we construct the equation of equilibrium in the general view of the forces acting. The horizontal component of the tractor traction force acting on the instantaneous center of rotation of the plow suspended on the tractor where and are the horizontal components of the ground resistance voltage acting on the plug's passive and active working bodies. To overcome the R px and F forces occurring during the passive working organ plow operation, it is necessary to create a very large force at the point of traction of the tractor, which leads to an increase in its weight.
Only during the operation of active working organ plugs R ax force can sometimes be greater than the R x force required to move the plug, which leads to negative shattering. The R px and R ax forces that occur when active and passive working bodies are mounted on the plug balance each other to one degree or another and therefore, less gravitational force is required to pull the plug. All this ensures the stable operation of such an aggregate [28][29][30][31][35][36].
Thus, it is advisable to use a combined frontal plow with the active and passive working body with high-powered tractors because it is efficient, does not require too much traction during operation, stability is at the required level (does not protrude from the ground, the normal reaction to base wheels is small).
In the tests, the kinematic operating mode of the active working body was set at 2.1, and the processing depth was set at 12.5 cm. The results of the comparison tests are given in Table 1. The analysis of the obtained results shows that the installation of active working bodies in the form of milling machines in front of the tillage plows with 180% tillage within the boundaries of the owner increases soil compaction by 8,5%, plant residue burial by 8.3%, reduces ridge height by 0.9 cm. The active working bodies had almost no effect on the movement stability of the device. According to the experiments (Table 3.7), the specific gravity resistance of the active working body decreased by 14,7% compared to the passive working body, and the coefficient of variation of gravity resistance decreased by 1,40 times. Due to the decrease in traction resistance, the tractor's thrust decreased, and the operating speed increased from 1.94 m/s to 2.16 m/s. The increase in traffic speed allowed to increase productivity by 11,3%. At the same time, specific fuel consumption decreased by 17.2%.
The active working frontal plug has an advantage over the passive working frontal plug in all aspects of the work process. Thus, the application of active working bodies and performing the driving function ensures the improvement of the working quality and energy performance of the plug in soils with low humidity and high density of the surface layer.
1. The use of active working bodies, which perform in addition to technological and propulsion functions, improves the quality of work and energy indicators of the front plow and contributes to the effective use of energy-saturated tractors. 2. The use of an active working body on the front plow increases the degree of soil crumbling by 8.5%, reduces the traction resistance and specific fuel consumption by 14.7% and 17.2%, respectively, and increases the productivity of the unit by 11.3%.