Application of ecologically balanced technologies of rice cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory

The domestic and foreign research in the field of rice cultivation carried out over the past 10-15 years has identified four main promising technologies that can reduce the cost of rice produced: 1 intermittent flooding; 2 periodic moistening without creating a layer of water; 3 sprinkling, including surface irrigation; 4 drip irrigation. Drip irrigation of rice is the most priority area of research, since it can significantly reduce the irrigation rate, labor costs, the cost of rice production and anthropogenic load. The purpose of our research was to develop a new technology of rice cultivation with drip irrigation adapted for the climatic and soil conditions of the Krasnodar Territory. As a result of the research carried out, a drip irrigation technological scheme was developed and implemented for LLC "Chernoerkovskoye" of the Slavyansky District of the Krasnodar Territory. The developed scheme of rice cultivation on drip irrigation has proven its effectiveness, which was expressed in improving the reclamation state of soils, increasing the profitability of production by 22% and increasing the yield by 20%, reducing the irrigation rate by an average of 5.3 times, the cost of rice grain by 15% and labor intensity by 34%.


Introduction
It is known from the world practice of rice production [1][2][3][4][5][6] that rice is a moisture-loving crop that requires large volumes of irrigation water and labor costs for its production. Therefore, scientific research to find new solutions to reduce the cost of rice production has always been relevant, including in the historical aspect of rice cultivation [7][8][9]. However, in the last decade, due to the stable positive dynamics of demographic growth of the population, a decrease in irrigation water volumes and, in connection with this, the limited irrigation fund of land, as well as an increase in prices for all components of rice production: seed material, fertilizers, fuel and lubricants, payment for water supply to rice irrigation systems [10][11][12][13], the problem of the transition of rice producers to less costly cultivation technologies has reached its apogee, and ways to solve it have become a priority at the state level.
In connection with the above, the purpose of our research is to develop new technological solutions for the cultivation of rice with a significant reduction in direct costs of its production. The modern level of scientific and technological progress allows minimizing the use of resources to obtain consistently high yields of high-quality rice grain without prejudice to the reclamation state of soils and the ecosystem of the region [14]. The most promising technology is the cultivation of rice using drip irrigation. This is confirmed by more than ten years of successful experience in the cultivation of rice with drip irrigation in China [15], as well as domestic developments of technologies for cultivation of rice with drip irrigation, which have been successfully tested in the farms of the Volgograd and Rostov regions [16][17][18][19], and have proven the effectiveness and feasibility further research in this direction. The effectiveness of drip irrigation is due to a number of factors [20]: a reduction in the irrigation rate, the possibility of rice cultivation on the lands of non-irrigation fund, the development of fundamentally new rice crop rotations with the inclusion of melons and vegetables in them. It should be noted that the areas of the irrigation fund of the Krasnodar Territory available for planting rice annually decrease as a result of partial and sometimes complete non-compliance with crop rotations and rice cultivation technologies, which leads to a decrease in soil fertility up to partial and / or complete withdrawal of lands from agricultural purposes [21]. In such cases, the rice irrigation systems require major repairs that are not economically viable. All of the above confirms the relevance of our research, and the research results can be used to develop mathematical models that help workers in the agro-industrial complex make timely management decisions to develop optimally adapted flow charts for rice production using drip irrigation in order to obtain guaranteed high yields of rice without reducing reclamation state of soils.

Materials and methods
Tests of the method of rice cultivation were carried out in the Krasnodar Territory at LLC "Chernoerkovskoe" of the Slavyansky District (2nd department) on a rice check (hereinafter "experimental field") with an area of 4.5 hectares each. The farm uses a diagram of an engineering rice plot of the Krasnodar type.
The cultivated rice crop was the Rapan variety. The predecessor in the first year of the implementation of the method is rice. On the experimental field from 2016 to 2019, the following crop rotation was applied: − 2016: rice (seedling) + tomato (seedling); − 2017: rice (seedling) + peas (seminal); − 2018: rice (seedling) + sweet pepper (seedling); − 2019: rice (seedling) + lupine (seminal). The method of cultivating rice on the checks of the rice irrigation system with drip irrigation under polyethylene and/or biodegradable mulching perforated film included a list of technological operations presented in Table 1. Single pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a growth regulator "Albit" at a dose of 50-100 ml/t Manually

17
Planting rice seedlings (Rapan variety) in nutrient pots in a phytotron, a mixture of various components is used as a substrate: highly fertile field land, sod land, humus, high peat, coarse sand with the addition of microelements to the substrate before planting rice seeds with a norm of N80P120K60 in kg a.d./ha, the humus content in the substrate is not less than 40%, the substrate density is less than one, the porosity is 60-90%, the air content is not less than 10%. Maintaining the temperature regime: in the daytime 20-24 ° C, in cloudy weather -16-18 ° C, at night -15-16 ° C, optimal pre-irrigation humidity -at the level of 55-65% of HB, relative humidity -60-70%. To maintain a stable regime when these parameters were increased, ventilation was switched on. During the period of seedling growing, the lighting was controlled using fluorescent lamps and turned off at night. Seedlings in the phase of 2-3 leaves were fed with nitrogen fertilizers in dissolved form at the rate of N40 in kg a.d./ha. Before planting in the ground, the seedlings corresponded to the standard, had 6-7 leaves with a green color, with a well-developed root system and not infected with pests and diseases.

Manually 18
Pre-planting irrigation with an irrigation rate providing soil moisture of 90% of HB in a layer of 0.6 m Drip irrigation system 19 Spraying the soil surface with soil herbicides: "Ordram" 720 EC (5.0 l / ha, treatment rate 1) + Gezagard with a rate of 60-80 ml/10 l of water to combat annual dicotyledonous and cereal weeds The introduction of microelements after complete survival of rice seedlings (in the phase of 8-9 leaves) by fertigation through a drip irrigation system by the norm N30P30K30 at kg a.d./ha Drip irrigation system 25 Treatment with herbicides Bazagran, v.r., (bentazone, 480 g/l), "BASF AG" of rice crops in the tillering phase, with a consumption rate of 2.0-4.0 l/ha and a working fluid consumption of 200-300 l/ha Self-propelled sprayer IBIS-2500-18P -

26
Spraying of seedlings of young seedlings of BAS "Albid" at the end of tillering before the start of emergence into the tube at a dose of 30 mg/ha to prevent lodging Planting tomato seeds (variety Zagadka) 55-60 days before planting in open ground, planting is carried out in containers with a depth of 8-10 cm filled with soil consisting of fine-grained sand, peat and humus with soddy soil in a ratio of 1:1:1:1, respectively, after which grooves 2-3 cm deep are made at a distance of 4 cm each, into which the seeds are laid out and sprinkled with a thin layer of earth with light compaction and watering, then the containers are covered with transparent polyethylene, while the following air temperature regime is maintained in the room: the first seven days after the emergence of seedlings during the day 17° C (± 2° C) at night 14 ° C (± 2° C), then to the phase of 2-3 true leaves during the day 22 ° C (± 2° C) at night 18 C (± 2° C), soil temperature day and night and 15 0С (± 2 0С) in the first week after germination, while when the first sprouts appear, the film is removed from the containers, at the same time, during the cultivation of seedlings, two fertilizing with mineral fertilizers "Intermag vegetable garden" are performed: the first at the phase of the 2nd present sheet, the second at the phase of the 3rd present sheet with the norm of 1 tbsp. spoon for 3 liters of water, at the same time, during the cultivation of seedlings, two fertilizing with mineral fertilizers "Intermag vegetable garden" are performed: the first at the phase of the 2nd true leaf, the second at the phase of the 3rd true leaf with a rate of 1 tbsp. spoon for 3 liters of water, while throughout the cultivation of seedlings, soil moisture is maintained within 70-75% of the PPV, the recommended water temperature is 20° C (± 2° C).

INTERAGROMASH 2021
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127301017 33 After the appearance of 2-3 true leaves, tomato seedlings are picketed into peat cups, while it is necessary to maintain a distance between seedlings of at least 15 cm from each other, while the following temperature regime is maintained in the room: during the first three days after the emergence of seedlings in the daytime 21 0С (± 1° C) at night 17 ° C (± 1° C), then in the daytime 19 ° C (± 1° C) at night 15° C (± 1° C), at the same time, during the cultivation of seedlings, three additional fertilizing with mineral fertilizers "Intermag Ogorod" is carried out: the first after 12 days after picking the norm of 2 tbsp. tablespoons per 10 liters of water, the second 10-12 days after the first feeding with the rate of 1 tbsp. spoon for 10 liters of water, the third 10 days before planting in the ground while throughout the cultivation of seedlings, soil moisture is maintained within 65-70% of the PPV.
Manually 34 Cutting 2-3 lower true leaves 2-3 days before planting tomato seedlings, to improve the development of the first flower cluster and reduce the likelihood of diseases, while the leaf cut is made so that stumps remain 1.5-2.0 cm long and disappear by themselves after drying Under the rootdrip irrigation system Spraying -Selfpropelled sprayer IBIS-2500-18P Single pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a growth regulator "Albit" at a dose of 50-100 ml/t Manually 55 Planting rice seedlings (Rapan variety) in nutrient pots in a phytotron, a mixture of various components is used as a substrate: highly fertile field land, sod land, humus, high peat, coarse sand with the addition of microelements to the substrate before planting rice seeds with a norm of N80P120K60 in kg a.d./ha, the humus content in the substrate is not less than 40%, the substrate density is less than one, the porosity is 60-90%, the air content is not less than 10%. Maintaining the temperature regime: in the daytime 20-24° C, in cloudy weather -16-18° C, at night -15-16° C, optimal pre-irrigation humidity -at the level of 55-65% of HB, relative humidity -60-70%. To maintain a stable regime when these parameters were increased, ventilation was switched on. During the period of growing seedlings, the lighting was controlled using fluorescent lamps and turned off at night. Seedlings in the phase of 2-3 leaves were fed with nitrogen fertilizers in dissolved form at the rate of N40 in kg a.i./ha. Before planting in the ground, the seedlings corresponded to the standard, had 6-7 leaves with a green color, with a well-developed root system and not infected with pests and diseases.
Manually 56 Pre-planting irrigation with an irrigation rate providing soil moisture of 90% of HB in a layer of 0.6 m Drip irrigation system 57 Spraying the soil surface with soil herbicides: "Ordram" 720 EC (5.0 l/ha, treatment rate 1) + Gezagard with a rate of 60-80 ml/10 l of water to combat annual dicotyledonous and cereal weeds Self-propelled sprayer IBIS-2500-18P -

59
Spraying BAS "Epin Extra" in the norm of 5-6 drops per 0.5 l of water two days before planting seedlings to increase survival rate and increase stress resistance Spraying of seedlings of young seedlings of BAS "Albid" at the end of tillering before the start of emergence into the tube at a dose of 30 mg/ha to prevent lodging Pea seed dressing 2 weeks before planting with Fundazol, 50% c. p. -2 kg/t, with the addition of microelements to the dressing solution: boric acid -300 g / t, ammonium molybdate -250 g/t, with obligatory humidification at a water consumption of 5-10 l/t and the use of adhesives (NaKMC-200 g/t). -

PS-10А
71 Pre-planting irrigation with an irrigation rate providing soil moisture of 80% of HB in a layer of 0.8 m  Single pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a growth regulator "Albit" at a dose of 50-100 ml/t Manually

104
Planting rice seedlings (Rapan variety) in nutrient pots in a phytotron, a mixture of various components is used as a substrate: highly fertile field land, sod land, humus, high peat, coarse sand with the addition of microelements to the substrate before planting rice seeds with a norm of N80P120K60 in kg a.d./ha, the humus content in the substrate is not less than 40%, the substrate density is less than one, the porosity is 60-90%, the air content is not less than 10%. Maintaining the temperature regime: in the daytime 20-24° C, in cloudy weather -16-18° C, at night -15-16°C, optimal pre-irrigation humidity -at the level of 55-65% of HB, relative humidity -60-70%. To maintain a stable regime when these parameters were increased, ventilation was switched on. During the period of growing seedlings, the lighting was controlled using fluorescent lamps and turned off at night. Seedlings in the phase of 2-3 leaves were fed with nitrogen fertilizers in dissolved form at the rate of N40 in kg ai / ha. Before planting in the ground, the seedlings corresponded to the standard, had 6-7 leaves with a green color, with a well-developed root system and not infected with pests and diseases. Planting pepper seeds 50-65 days before planting in open ground, planting is carried out in peat cups with a cross section of at least 100 mm to a depth of 0.5-1.0 cm in "BIO Soil Ecoflora for Vegetables" from "Hera" and then covered with foil at the same time, it is necessary to observe the distance between the seedlings at least 15 cm from each other, while the temperature in the soil is maintained at 27° C (± 20° C), the air temperature before the emergence of shoots is 28 ° C around the clock, then after the emergence of shoots until the formation of the 1st leaf 17° C (± 1° C) around the clock, in the next plant phases during the day 23-28° C, at night 16-17° C, the temperature of irrigation water is 25-30° C; at the same time, during the growing of seedlings, fertilizing is performed, while for the first time fertilizers are applied at the emergence phase 1-2 real sheets with the following composition: dilute 5 grams in 10 liters of water ammonium nitrate, 10 g potassium-based dressings, 30 g. superphosphate fertilizers. The next feeding is in two weeks according to the same scheme, but with a doubling of the dosage. The third feeding is performed a couple of days before planting the seedlings, in which the dosage of potassium in the solution is increased to 80 g per 10 l of water, while during the growth of seedlings, soil moisture is maintained at 70% of HB, and before planting in the ground, 75% of HB.
Manually 120 Treatment with a pesticide (systemic fungicide) propamocarb hydrochloride 3-4 days before planting seedlings at a concentration of 607 g/l and a consumption rate of 15 ml per 10 l of water to combat soil, root and leaf diseases Planting rice seedlings (Rapan variety) in nutrient pots in a phytotron, a mixture of various components is used as a substrate: highly fertile field land, sod land, humus, high peat, coarse sand with the addition of microelements to the substrate before planting rice seeds by the norm N80P120K60 in kg a.d./ha, humus content in the substrate is not lower 40 %, the density of the substrate is less than one, the porosity is 60-90%, the air content is not less than 10%. Maintaining the temperature regime: during the day 20-24° C, in cloudy weather -16-18° C, at night -15-16° C, optimal pre-irrigation humidity -at the level of 55-65% of HB, relative air humidity -60-70%. To maintain a stable regime when these parameters were increased, ventilation was switched on. During the period of seedling growing, the lighting was controlled using fluorescent lamps and turned off at night. Seedlings in the phase of 2-3 leaves were fed with nitrogen fertilizers in dissolved form at the rate of N40 in kg a.d./ha. Before planting in the ground, the seedlings corresponded to the standard, had 6-7 leaves with a green color, with a well-developed root system and not infected with pests and diseases Spraying of soybeans with insecticides "Bi-58 new" 40% eq. at a dose of 1.0 l/ha in the presence of spider mites and acacia moths in the crops Self-propelled sprayer IBIS-2500-18P -183 2-3 times spraying of soybean crops with Sumicidin insecticide, 20% eq. (0.5 l/ha) for the extermination of the acacia moth during the mass summer of the butterfly and the laying of eggs

Results and its discussion
As a result of approbation of the method of rice cultivation on checks of the rice irrigation system with drip irrigation under polyethylene and biodegradable mulching perforated film, it was possible to prove the effectiveness of not only rice cultivation (Table 2), but also rice crop rotation crops (Table 3).  The use of the claimed method of rice cultivation made it possible to improve the reclamation state of soils (Table 4).

Output
The efficiency of the developed technology of cultivation of rice on drip irrigation under polyethylene and mulching perforated film on the lands of the irrigation fund has been proved.
The main performance indicators are: − reduction of the irrigation rate by 5.3 times relative to the traditional technology of rice cultivation by flooding; − improvement of the reclamation state of soils; − reduction of labor intensity on average by 34 %; − increasing the yield by an average of 20% and the quality of the resulting grain; − reducing the cost of rice production on average by 15 %; − decrease in the amount of introduced macro and microelements on average by 30 %; − increasing profitability by 22%.