Synergetic approach in the design of architectural systems for harsh climatic conditions

Architecture is characterized by a correction of design approaches that take into account new discoveries. Changing scientific paradigm also influences this process by introducing extra details into the architectural objects workflows. The synergistic paradigm that influences mostly appears in the tendency to create architecture that meets the ideal standards of sustainable design, capable design which is of selfdevelopment and self-regulation. A unique feature of the synergistic paradigm that can fundamentally change the approach to design is its relation to the evolutionary process. According to this concept, evolution in its path passes through points of bifuciation – special states of instability – when possible ways of further development are clear and it becomes possible for us to choose and follow one of them. This approach takes into account changing data and corrects decisions during the process. This is especially relevant when designing architectural objects for harsh climate conditions, as additional difficulties may arise in the process of construction and operation, and the unexpectedly arising issues, which may unanticipated arise itself during the usage of the object and can have a disastrous effects on it.

space is, first of all, a system that constantly changes from any external or internal influence, which is similar to the behaviour of a living organism. All this is clearly reflected in the tendency to create objects that meet the ideals of sustainable development. Against the background of these ideas, they are increasingly heard about the architecture of selfdeveloping and self-regulating, living like an organism in which life processes are stabilized [1][2].
At the same time, it must be borne in mind that the city is an ecological system, which includes two constituent parts-subsystems -natural and anthropogenic -the essence of the interaction of which is to maintain balance and harmonious coexistence. At the same time, the question of the possibilities of self-regulation of such a system, from the object level to urban planning, remains dialectical. Should we focus on creating a smart self-developing architecture that will strive for a stable system?
The process of evolution develops in such a way that at certain stages it passes through the so-called bifurciation points 1 , which, in fact, are moments of instability, during which possible options for further development appear and the path is chosen, along which, in the end, evolution follows (Fig. 1). The principle of evolutionary development is the same for history, and for science, and, in particular, for architecture. The period of stability and equilibrium is always followed by a period of instability, this is a prerequisite for the evolutionary process [3]. Will an architectural object created with the idea of stationary stability embedded in it be able to be used for a long and effective time within the framework of a rapid change in the world? Or should the new architecture lay down certain stages of development, when their further development is determined, based on probabilities, is there a choice? In synergy, there is the term «field of development paths» [4]. In architecture, an illustration of this phenomenon to some extent can be called the conceptual design process, when different options are proposed for what an architectural object can be.
The variability of the development of an architectural object illustrates well the modularity method. The very idea of modular architecture initially has a resource for transformation and growth. It should be noted that a number of conditions can be distinguished in which the use of the module as a fundamental architectural unit is more than justified. Among them if architecture is in extreme conditions, in particular, the architecture of the Arctic.

Materials and methods
The study is based on a comprehensive literature and bibliographic analysis of the existing design and conceptual experience of construction in the Arctic and Antarctic conditions, taking into account the principles of synergy and includes the following methods: -generalization of foreign and domestic design experience in harsh climate conditions, study and systematization of theoretical and literary sources, which made it possible to conduct a graphical analysis of implemented and conceptual architectural objects for polar territories; -identification of general patterns related to the possibility of using the properties of fractal structures in the architecture of polar latitudes; -study of all-Russian and international competitive materials and projects, including Arctic Perspective, Architectural Image of Russia, Archiprix, competitions for the development of year-round Halley VI stations.
The materials for the study were research on synergy, specialized literature on the architecture of polar regions, design materials.

Design features in severe climatic conditions
The processes of globalization and urbanization for the modern world have become a catalyst for the search for new behavioural models of human life. However, each of these models has its own uniqueness and requires a special approach. If in mild climatic conditions, with an unsuccessful design solution, the main risks are mainly associated with the economic factor and falling into the environmental context, then in the conditions of the polar regions operational risks also increase significantly: the safety of the operation of the facility and the speed of development of the territory, which, among other things, pulls an increase in economic risks. At the same time, the International Community has long recognized the value of the polar regions as a kind of «reserve zone» of importance for the future of civilization of the Earth [5][6][7][8].
According to the definition of L. Gumilev, the nature of the traditional forms of the material world of the North and the Arctic peoples historically organically fit into the landscape, being based on the principle of feedback, which made it possible to reduce the influence on nature and the surrounding world. For this reason, various interpretations of the principles of shaping a traditional dwelling are relevant in shifting to modern realities. At the present stage, there is a search for architectural forms that are adequate precisely to polar conditions. The main trends are small forms, mobility, autonomy. These are domed houses, experimental houses of heliotecture, and mobile forms of dwellings. However, so far such projects of the new Arctic architecture are isolated, or even artisanal. [9][10][11][12][13] The territory of the Arctic and Antarctic is characterized by instability, this is an integral feature of Arctic nature. Due to the abundance of natural risks, the architecture must be ready for rapid transformation. In this regard, laying long-term projects that are not designed for possible transformations in the process of implementation is initially unprofitable, since even one breakthrough can change a lot. An architecture originally programmed for growth, development and change, for which, depending on the associated conditions and factors, we can determine the necessary degree of development of the system for a given moment, seems to have significant potential [14].
In general, it can be assumed that modern architectural systems for harsh climatic conditions, such as, for example, polar, should be formed, focusing on a number of principles (Fig. 2). Such an architecture should be compact, strive for self-sufficiency and a certain level of closeness of the spatial structure, it should form a comfortable microclimate, and maintain the maximum possible level of environmental friendliness.

Use of fractal structures in polar architecture
Fractal structures can be considered as one of the potentially successful design options. A feature of the use of fractals in architecture is that the use of fractal structures is possible at all levels of the organization of the architectural environment [15].
In his article on the use of fractal models in architecture, V.N. Babich identified the following properties of fractal structures [16][17]: − Self-similarity (hierarchical principle of organization); − Ability to develop (principle of continuity of shaping); − Fractional metric dimension (principle of measure singularity); − The principle of boundary uncertainty (blur, fuzzy contours); − The principle of dynamic chaos (a phenomenon in which the behaviour of a nonlinear system looks random, although it obeys deterministic laws). Within the framework of architectural science, fractal properties such as self-similarity and developmental ability gain leading importance. Self-similarity means that each, a single part of the fractal, repeats in its development, the development of the entire fractal as a whole and is reproduced in different scaling without visible changes. This fractal property is pronounced when using basic modules. Depending on the size of the architectural system in a particular territory and the functional purpose of the module, it can have different sizes, accordingly the complex can consist of a single module, either of several connected equivalent or different-sized modules that form a more complex system (Fig. 3).   Fig. 3. An example of using a fractal structure in an urban planning system.
Another important fractal property is the ability to develop [18][19][20][21]. It is assumed that the system is able to grow and evolve, while the process of evolution of the object is laid down as dialectical.
Of particular interest is the implementation in architecture of the principle of dynamic chaos. In his article «Philosophy of Instability», I. Prigozhin expresses the idea that instability can be a condition for stable and dynamic development. In his opinion, only systems in a state of instability have the ability to develop and spontaneous organization, «since only in states far from stability complexity arises».
As part of this statement, we return to the fact that the process of evolution of architecture in harsh climate conditions develops, at certain stages passing through points of bifuciation. And it is at these points of instability that the potential lies, demonstrating the options for further development, and the path is chosen, along which, in the end, evolution follows further [22][23][24].

Conclusions
As a result, it can be concluded that at certain points in the development of the integrated structure, it is necessary to build analytical models of the further life cycle of the architectural object, on the basis of which the most important aspects can be distinguished in the near future, to understand whether there is a need for system adjustments, how it should be changed and whether it is necessary to join new modules and introduce modern innovations [25]. This approach allows you to monitor the operation of an object, analyze its life cycle in dynamics and affect it. This is of particular importance in an environment where the capacity and capabilities of the Territory are likely to change, new functions may need to be introduced and, accordingly, the architectural structure may need to be modified and updated [26][27].
This approach is possible when forming concepts based on the properties of fractal systems: self-similarity; capacities for development; fractional metric dimension; the principle of boundary uncertainty; and following the principle of dynamic chaos. − Durability -the ability to maintain long-term operability until the limit state; − Flexibility of the planning structure -possibility of development and transformation of the facility; − Aerodynamics of shaping -shape streamlining. Increases the resistance of the structure to strong winds characteristic of the Arctic climate; − Spatial stiffness -geometric invariability of the object; − Processability -convenience of production, repairability and operational quality. − Psychological Perception Group 4 : − Aestheticity -complex perception of the object in terms of appearance; − Increased color contrast -light-color solution of the object; − Psychological comfort -creating conditions for a comfortable life.
Based on the selected characteristics, it can be concluded that using the properties of fractal structures: Firstly, it has a direct positive effect on almost all groups of resource characteristics significant in design in the Arctic and Antarctica. The exception is only characteristics related to psychological perception, which their influence does not apply to. Secondly, it makes it possible already at the stage of creating the concept to provide variations in the development of the object as a whole system, which can most efficiently respond to changes in external factors, which allows you to implement the optimal scenario of the life cycle of the architectural object.