Assessment of factors for the development of sustainable entrepreneurship in Russia

The article discusses the factors contributing to the development of sustainable entrepreneurship in Russia. In addition to the main economic factors, such as GRP, per capita income, investment in fixed assets, development of transport infrastructure, etc., frequently studied by researchers, we identified and examined factors the influence of which requires additional studies. We included the volume of tourist flow, the region’s participation in mega-events, the presence of special economic zones, the gender composition of the population, the share of urban population in the region, the number of students, etc. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the sharing economy on the development of entrepreneurship.


Introduction
Nowadays Russian economic science and practice steadily revise the basic approaches to choosing the ways and instruments of modernization and institutional reform of the economy [1][2][3][4]. The role and importance of entrepreneurship in this process is increasing, which is designed to block crisis phenomena and accelerate the transition of the domestic economy to a progressive development vector [5][6][7][8].
The intensification of research and development in this field took place in the 1950s, after the adoption of special state programs to support entrepreneurship. The authors of the documents were mainly scientists from leading universities [9,10].
Since the end of the 1980 s , entrepreneurship has become an object of constant research by Russian scientists and practitioners [11][12][13][14]. However, despite the availability of a large array of scientific and practical information devoted to the study of the problems of entrepreneurship development, the search for a model for the sustainable development of small and medium-sized businesses and the identification of regional features do not lose their relevance [15][16][17].
The study of the influence of such factors as gender composition of the population, age composition, unemployment rate, etc. is of increasing interest. Moreover, new forms of entrepreneurship that appear in the context of sustainable economy and sharing economy require a lot of attention as well [18][19][20].

Materials and methods
To write this paper, we used statistical data from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, analytical reports, periodicals and the Internet [21][22][23][24]. The statistical analysis was conducted using R-Studio software package.
Moreover, we used the methods of logical comparison, analysis and synthesis, methods of statistical groupings and classifications, expert estimates, and scientific observations.
The practical significance of the research results is determined by the main provisions, generalizations, conclusions and recommendations, which are designed to enhance the process of realizing the entrepreneurial potential of the Russian Federation subjects.

Results and discussion
First, let us consider the factors of development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) related to the tourism industry. By this we mean the number of tourists who visited the subject of the Russian Federation during the year and the number of mega cultural and sports events. Fig. 1 shows a direct linear relationship between the volume of tourist flow and the number of small enterprises in the region. This means that tourism development really plays a big role for small businesses. The box plot (Fig. 2) shows that there is a big difference in the number of small enterprises between regions that have held sporting or cultural mega-events over the past 10 years, and which have not held such events. Here we can say that mega-events bring modern infrastructure to the regions, which, of course, have a positive effect on both the economy and entrepreneurship. The recognition of the region is also increasing, the number of tourists, both domestic and international, is growing. It is worth noting that the regions conducting mega-events, as a rule, were successful even before they were held, and this factor only increased the pace of development.  Fig. 3 shows that regions with special economic zones have a larger number of small enterprises. At the same time, this factor cannot be crucial -we see that the median number of small enterprises in regions with SEZs is only slightly higher than the same indicator in regions without SEZs. It is interesting to consider the gender factor. Fig. 4 shows the relationship between the number of small enterprises and the proportion of the male population in the region. We observe that with an increase in the share of the male population, there is a decline in the number of small enterprises. This is also due to the fact that these are regions of the Far North, where the proportion of the male population is higher. At the same time, these same regions are developing in a quite isolated way and entrepreneurship opportunities there are limited. Let us try to look at the ratio of the urban population share in the region and the number of small enterprises. Here we see a direct relationship. With an increase in the share of the urban population, the number of small enterprises also tends to increase.   With increasing distance, the number of small enterprises decreases, which is to be expected. However, the figure shows that the most successful regions are mainly located at a distance of 700 to 2000 km from the capital.
According to existing research, the unemployment rate in the region has a significant impact on the activity of small businesses. The hypothesis is put forward that the higher the unemployment rate, the smaller entrepreneurs there are.  Fig. 8 shows that there is a group of regions where unemployment really has a positive impact on the development of entrepreneurial activity. This dependence is most noticeable in economically developed regions, where even a slight increase in unemployment improves the entrepreneurial activity, serves as a kind of shock absorber of social tension.
However, in depressed regions with high unemployment, an increase in the number of unemployed causes a growth in the gray labor market rather than entrepreneurial activity, as the local population does not have financial opportunities to set up their own business.
In recent times, entrepreneurship has been strongly influenced by phenomenon of sharing economy [25,26]. The sharing economy posed a serious challenge to traditional economic models: Yandex. Taxi and Uber for taxi companies, Airbnb for hotel chains, You Do for repair companies [27,28]. In the future, it will be possible to see many other hybrid options for joint business.
Even today, a wide range of cultural and social processes are related to sharing, which influences a lot of modern trends [29]. Sharing economy can facilitate the development of sustainable entrepreneurship as it calls for a more rational use of resources [30].
The main contribution to the volume and growth of sharing economy in Russia is made by C2C sales (72% of the transaction volume in 2018), freelance services (19%), transport (car sharing and carpooling -5%) and short-term P2P rental of premises (2%) [31]. Research tells us that the advanced development of sharing is observed in Russian cities with a population of over one million people. This is due to the fact that it is easier to gain a critical mass of supply and demand there, which is an important condition for making joint consumption convenient and reliable.

Conclusion
In this paper we tested the influence of various factors on the entrepreneurial activity of the region and obtained controversial results that need further research in terms of refuting or confirming their influence on entrepreneurial activity.
We should note that a group of factors is aimed at stimulating the involvement of the population in the development of entrepreneurial activity. Among them, we can distinguish state measures to support entrepreneurship and improve the business climate; the creation of special economic zones; mega-cultural and sporting events in the region and others. Another group can be conditionally called demand factors for the results of entrepreneurial activity, since they are determined by the demographic, gender composition of the population, their income, unemployment in the region and other components.
The conducted study allows us to conclude that in order to activate the entrepreneurial potential, it is necessary to use both groups of factors, since it is impossible to implement state programs without increasing the purchasing power of the population, changing its demographic composition (population growth, decreasing average age, changing gender composition, etc.) entrepreneurship support.