Socio-Economic Indicators of Mining Regions Development

The paper analyzes the dynamics of socio-economic indicators of the development of coal-mining regions of Russia. The aim of the study is to analyze the socio-economic situation of coal-mining regions and determine the factors that influenced the social processes in the region. Based on statistical data for the period from 2010 to 2019, there was conducted the analysis of changes in economic indicators such as: income of the population; gross regional product per capita; nominal average monthly wage; unemployment rate; the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level; housing commissioning in the regions. Analysis of the data showed that the most favorable social position of all the analyzed coal-mining regions is observed in the Sakhalin region. The “outsiders” in terms of social status among the coal-mining regions are the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Kemerovo Region. Improvement of the social situation in coal-mining regions is associated with the adoption by the Russian Government of a program to combat poverty, an increase in social payments to certain categories of citizens, an indexation of old-age pensions, etc. It was also revealed that social processes in the regions are influenced by prices for hydrocarbons on the world market and objective economic phenomena such as business cycles.


Introduction
The development of the region is reflected in the final social indicators. The measurement of social processes can be characterized by the dynamics of social and economic indicators, with the help of which they receive both indirect (but very important) and direct information about the nature and content of social processes. Analysis of social indicators and variables is important for the study of social processes in mining region. Together with statistical data, they characterize the real changes in social processes in the region. A variety of indicators can be considered as indicators of socio-economic development: • an increase in the income of the population; • an increase in social payments; • reducing the level of poverty; • the number of educational institutions of both general and vocational education; • the number of healthcare organizations, etc.
Most often, the group of the studied indicators is determined depending on the goals of the study and the development goals of the region.
The informational functions of social indicators are defined by the American researcher E. Carlisle -as the value of the operational dimension within the framework of a certain concept, which makes it possible to form an information system that characterizes separately each of the social processes and the social system as a whole [11]. The social indicators system provides information for solving the following tasks: • assessment of the degree of possibility of realizing the goals of social development; • the influence of social processes on changes in society, which are not provided for by the programs and decisions of the regional administration; • comparison of the actual results obtained with the planned ones and, if necessary, making corrective decisions. Economic (socio-economic) indicators provide an opportunity to obtain information: • about changes in the material and cultural wealth of the community for each individual person; • for medium-term planning and development of long-term programs. The system of economic indicators characterizes the level of development of social processes and is divided into the following groups: • population and labor resources; • national wealth, production and circulation of the social product; • change in national income, in the framework of the study -gross regional product (GRP); • material well-being of the population, etc.
This study analyzes the dynamics of the following economic (socio-economic indicators) indicators of coal-mining regions: • dynamics of per capita GRP; • the size of the real disposable cash income of the population; • the size of the real average monthly wage per employee; • the total number of unemployed at the end of the reporting period, taking into account officially registered unemployed persons; • the share of the population in the total number, whose incomes are below the established subsistence level; • the level of commissioning of residential real estate.

Results and Discussion
The gross regional product is a generalized indicator of the economic activity of the region, which characterizes the production of end-use products. In addition, this indicator characterizes the gross value added generated by the residents of the region. GRP is determined at current and basic prices.
Determining the average per capita GRP makes it possible to study the dynamics of economic growth with a simultaneous comparison of this indicator in other regions. Thus, it is possible to obtain an indirect estimate of the level of well-being in the regions.
According to the graph shown in Fig. 1, the highest per capita income for the analyzed period among the coal-mining regions is observed in the Sakhalin region, the lowest in the Trans-Baikal Territory. The dynamics of the increase in per capita GRP is also observed in the Sakhalin Oblast, at the same time in the period 2016 -2017, there is a sharp decrease in this indicator. The dynamics of this indicator in the other six analyzed regions is smoother and more predictable. However, the dynamics of GRP per one average resident of the region, showing the number of products produced in value terms per person, gives only an approximate idea of the welfare in the region. This is due to the fact that a number of important factors are not involved here, including the following [13]: • the distribution of income between the inhabitants of the region is not taken into account. There may be a significant difference in the share of the middle class or in the share of the poor, since the real part of the regional income may be concentrated in the hands of a narrow group of the population; • statistical data on the production of added value in the region do not take into account the availability and quality of consumer and social benefits, as well as the degree of militarization and monopolization of the economy.
More objectively, the level of well-being of residents of the regions can be shown by the following indicators: • real incomes of the population (Fig. 2); • the size of the nominal average monthly wage (Fig. 3); • the share of the population in the total number, whose incomes are below the established subsistence minimum (Fig. 4).  In mid-April 2021, the Press Service of Rosstat made a statement that in Russia, according to preliminary results, per capita income for 2020 increased by 2.94%. In 4th quarter 2019, they amounted to RUB 41,328, and in 4th quarter 2020 they reached the level of RUB 42,543. Rosstat also notes that in 2020 in the 4th quarter compared to the 3rd quarter, income from property increased by 34.6%, and income from business and other production activities increased by 22.5%.
As for wages (which, as you know, are the main part of the real incomes of the majority of the population), the opposite situation is observed here. As can be seen from the graph in Fig. 3, in all coal-mining regions, there was a steady increase in nominal wages. The highest wages were observed in the Sakhalin Oblast. If in 2010 in the region it was 35,848 RUB, then in 2019 it already amounted to 87,418 RUB, an increase of 243.86%. The lowest nominal wages were in the Kemerovo region. In 2010, it was slightly more than 18,000 RUB, in 2019 --41,770 RUB, an increase of 231.7%. A similar situation was observed in other coal-mining regions of the country. According to Rosstat, in 2020 the average monthly wage increased by 8.44% (4,360 RUB): from 51,684 RUB up to RUB 56,044. The old-age pension has also increased from 15,966 RUB up to 16,790 RUB, an increase of 5.16%.
From the analysis of the data presented in the graphs in Figs. 2 and 3, it can be concluded that, despite a significant increase in nominal wages, income from other sources has sharply decreased.
The next important indicator characterizing the well-being of the inhabitants of the region is the size of the population whose incomes are below the subsistence level. The most prosperous region according to this indicator is the Sakhalin Region: since 2013, the specific population with low incomes has been steadily decreasing. If in the period from 2010 to 2012, the share of this population group was more than 11% (in 2010 -11%, in 2011 -11.9% and in 2012 -11.8%), then in the subsequent period it steadily decreased and was at the level of less than 10% (in 2013 -9.9%, in 2014 -9.7%, in 2015 -10.0%, in 2016 -9.9%, in 2017 -9.2%, in 2018 -8.5% and in 2019 -8.2%).
The most difficult situation is observed in the Trans-Baikal Territory. This region has the highest proportion of the population whose incomes are below the subsistence level. According to the Press Service of Rosstat, the number of poor citizens of Russia in 2020 decreased to 17.8 million people. At the same time, the number of poor people in the 4th quarter of 2020 compared to the 3rd quarter of the same year decreased from 18.8 million people to 13.5 million people (from 12.8% to 9.2%). Fig. 4. The proportion of the population in the total number, whose incomes are below the established subsistence minimum (in % of the total number of the subject) [12].    6. Commissioning of residential buildings for 1000 people (m 2 in the total area of residential premises) [12].
As for other coal-mining regions, the most impressive growth in housing commissioning is observed in the Komi Republic. If in 2010 in the republic 89 m 2 was commissioned per 1000 people (the last place out of the seven analyzed regions), then in 2019 the commissioning of housing per 1000 people amounted to 450 m 2 . The growth is 405.62%, which allowed this region to move to the fourth place among coal-mining regions. The