The participative budget of making a city sustainable: quintuple helix approach

. For transition economies, urban management processes are also in transition, which also means a situational opportunity to apply an integrated approach to the implementation of innovative projects, in which economic and political, as well as social, socio-cultural and environmental directions of development can receive a positive stimulus. Purpose of the study is to analyze the structure of participatory budgeting projects on the continuum “science and education – environment”, in accordance with the methodological approach to justify the innovative development of the city (based on helix-modeling). The paper has outlined an approach to activation the principles of sustainable and inclusive development at the local level, on the example of the participatory budget of Kyiv city in Ukraine. At the methodological level, the stages of the evolution of helix-modeling to the quintuple level have been analyzed in detail, the results of which are proposed to be implemented in accelerating the transformation of the projects structure aimed at the development of economic, social and environmental aspects of citizens life, namely in the fields of education, science, culture, sports, ecology, etc. Analysis of the change in the structure of participatory budgeting in Kyiv for the period 2017-2019 allows us to talk about the optimistic transition scenario of the city and the country in whole to the real pace of achievement the Sustainable Development Goals 2030. Strengthening the current positive changes with the help of state support, as well as ensuring a sufficient responsible investment, allows at a project level to succeed in improving the sustainability of the city.


Introduction
Urban sustainability is one of the current areas of research within the concept of sustainable development [1][2][3]. In the conditions of transformation [4], the specificity of the situation lays not so much in the smart city -the global trend of urban planning and urban ecology of the last decade, but in the constant maintenance of sustainable and innovative urban development.
Contrary to the fact, that scientific sphere in Ukraine as of 2020 is in the situation of waiting for reforms; innovation activity begins exactly in this sphere. And then from here innovations gradually spread to other spheres of society life and development of the country and its cities. From education and science begins allencompassing progress, in which business and industry, the public and activities related to the environment are involving. It is clear that without state support it is impossible to stabilize the sustainable development of cities and achieve the Global Goals at the international [5] and national [6] levels (especially Goal 11 "Sustainable cities and communities"), given the possible threats and impact of crisis factors.
Along with direct investment, an important tool for provision of sustainable urban development is a participatory budgeting. Since this process is relatively new for Ukraine, it is advisable to theoretically substantiate it on the basis of approaches to innovation modeling, which complement the approaches to modeling the relevant investment processes [7; 8].
It is also advisable to make extensive use of foreign experience in participatory budgeting. At the beginning of the 21st century, Europe adopted this sustainable mechanism from Latin America and, as of 2010, applied it in dozens of cities. The participatory budgeting gained the greatest development in Italy, Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The most common models of the participatory budgeting development in Western Europe are as follows: participatory democracy (clearly defined rules, good quality deliberation; combining strong participation with social justice), proximity democracy (informal rules, deliberative quality weak or average; combining participation with formal decision-making process) and participatory modernization (rules may be clear, weak deliberative quality; broad political consensus) [9]. In Germany, for almost two decades, participatory budgeting has evolved from a symbolic political instrument to improve communication between citizens and administration [10] to a mechanism for democratic innovation and municipal modernization [11].

Methodology
The conceptual basis of the study is an evolutionary approach to innovation development modeling -the helix-modeling (Fig. 1), which includes six types of models (three prototype models and three helix models), as well as five gradual stages of transition from one model to another: from a linear model to a quintuple helix model, which summarizes the following elements of innovation development: science and education, business and industry, government and state support, the civil society, the environment and the social environment.
The proposed approach was used to analyze the dynamics of structural changes in the short term (2017-2019) on the example of the formation and use of participatory budget at the municipal level, namely the example of Kyiv city.
The information base is the online platform [18], on which project data is constantly updated.
The evolutionary approach in the context of changing the forms of descriptive helix-model, when it is transferred to the plane of formation of the participatory budget of the city, allows to identify features of its innovative development and to substantiate expediency of acceleration of transformation of projects structure.

Results
The logic of the study consists of, firstly, on the actualization of a set interrelated factors of sustainable development, including reflection in indicators that characterize the social and environmental components of sustainability and inclusiveness, at the level of the economic region of Ukraine, the center of which is Kyiv city; and also, secondly, on the implementation of the analysis of the structure of project directions within the participatory budget of Kyiv city on the basis of an evolutionary approach to helix-modeling of innovation activity.

Rating analysis of sustainable and inclusive development indicators of the territory
When conducting analysis of sustainable and inclusive development indicators of the Central economic region of Ukraine, their comparison with similar indicators of other economic regions of Ukraine were carried out and, accordingly, the results of the rating assessment were obtained ( Table 1). The results (above all, the first place by level of higher education, as well as the second place by level of Internet access) prove the existence of preconditions, and therefore the expediency of innovative modeling of participatory budgeting in Kyiv. Also the composition of the main problems can be seen preliminarily (for example, VII place -overcrowding housing or VI place -the inability to satisfy recreational services), which, on the one hand, reflect the situation in the country, and, on the other hand, indicate bottlenecks in urban development and therefore it should affect the structure of the participatory budget of Kyiv.

Evolution of helix-modeling and its projection into the plane of formation of innovative ecologically oriented, educational and other socially significant projects
That, how helix-modeling evolved is shown in Figures 2-6: from a linear model that reflects the activities of educational and research institutions (Fig. 2, upper left corner) to a model that includes five interconnected components, integrated in the joint innovation processquintuple helix model (Fig. 6).
The structure of participatory budgeting in Kyiv is presented in Table 2.   The analysis results of the changeability of the structure of innovative projects directions within the participative budgeting of Kyiv (

Rights and freedom
Democracy and pluralism

Middle class
Development Goals by 2030 (by overcoming the coronavirus pandemic and its consequences in the short or medium term perspective 2021-2023) under the condition of accelerating the transformation of the project structure towards the balance of economic, social and environmental factors, and at the same time increase funding by rising the volume of responsible investment. Table 2. Projects of the participatory budget of Kyiv, 2017-2019 (project cost in 2019: UAH 50,000 -3 million) (according to [18]).  Based on these results and taking into account the experience of Germany [22; 23], as well as recommendations for ecologically oriented recreational development [24; 25] and the introduction of international standards to strengthen the resistance to the coronavirus pandemic [26], an indicative structure as a benchmark for the sustainability of Kyiv city in the medium term is proposed in the paper (Fig. 7). The main share (it is proposed to triple its weight in order to accelerate the response to the pandemic) in the structure belongs to security. Other shares have an approximately equal weight, which corresponds to the principle of balance: the weight of ecology, infrastructure and civil society increases, but the weight of recreation, and education decreases, which is possible in the conditions of distance learning.

Discussion
Trends and prospects for the development of educational sector and its support in the side of the state and international organizations, in particular in Germany, which has one of the most progressive and effective systems of education and science [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] within participatory budgeting requires a balanced approach to attracting investment. It is necessary to strengthen the role of public-private partnership, which will ensure the guarantee of completion the projects in full of planned costs, as well as control over the quality of their implementation, including in the period after the completion of projects. This provision is principal: the sustainability of cities and, in particular, of educational sector means ensuring the support of realization innovative, especially inclusive, projects over a long period of time, now, as a rule, till 2030. For countries with economies in transition responsible investment is extremely important, especially aimed at the development of inclusive education.

Conclusion
The study of the participatory budgeting contribution to the sustainability of the city, on the example of Kyiv in Ukraine, based on the methodological approach of innovative helix-modeling is conducted in the paper. The evolution of helix-models, ranging from the basic model (triple helix model) to the ecologically integrated model (quintuple helix model) demonstrates the importance of not just taking into account the additive principle, but the integration of five components (science and education, business, government, public, environment) in the plane of innovative projects implementation formed on the principles of sustainability and inclusiveness. The analysis of the participatory budgeting structure, aimed at increasing the sustainability of Kyiv city, confirms the positive dynamics relevant to the evolutionary approach of helix-modeling. Given the pandemic crisis, as well as the peculiarities of the Sustainable Development Goals implementation in Ukraine, a benchmark of this structure in the medium term 2021-2023 is proposed in a study, which is based on a balance of six components: ecology, recreation, security, civil society, infrastructure projects and education. Taking into account the specifics of the current situation, security has the largest share, the share of education and recreation should decrease, but the share of the environment, including the recreational environment increases due to the expansion of "green" public space. An increment of the share of civil society to accelerate the development of democracy in the country is also important. Prospects for further research are related to the analysis of the possibilities of applying the participatory budgeting mechanism within the European Green Deal, in particular such strategies as "A zero pollution ambition for a toxic free environment", "Accelerating the shift to sustainable and smart mobility", and "Supplying clean, affordable and secure energy" at the municipal level.