Urbanization and development of vertical agriculture in Russia

This paper discusses new technologies for the production of high-quality agricultural products, which are environmentally friendly and the production of which is now associating not only to rural areas. According to the authors, the concept of a digital city is now widening; it includes new trends, when agricultural production extends its boundaries, including vertical agriculture and farming urbanization.


Introduction
The agricultural sector of Russia is characterized by new trends, these are the digitalization of socio-economic activity and the urbanization of agriculture, when, in the context of a decrease in the rural population, part of production is transferred to cities.
Improving the quality of life of the population is one of the key tasks of the socioeconomic development of Russia. To solve this problem, projects such as "smart city/ settlement" or "digital city/ settlement" are being developed and implemented, including such areas as "smart medicine", "smart transport", "smart ecology", "smart environment", "urban agriculture "and others [1,2].
The number of inhabitants of a settlement for assigning it the status of a city is conditional and depends on many factors. Usually, in Russia, settlements with a population of more than 10-12 thousand inhabitants receive the status of a city. However, there are cities with less than 10 and even less than 5 thousand people. At the same time, there are many urban-type settlements and even rural settlements with more than 10 thousand inhabitants.
The objective of this study is to determine the distinctive features of vertical and urban agriculture, in order to assess the trends in the implementation of projects in the federal districts of the country, to compare the factors that positively and negatively affect the urbanization of agriculture.

Related work
Most of the population of Russia is urban dwellers. We note the high proportion of urbanization in the country, which is growing every year. According to our estimates, by 2030 the rural population will reach 23 million people, that is, it will decrease by 4 million people in 20 years (Fig. 1). In the scientific literature, there is a wide discussion of the terminology associated with the concept of urbanization of the agricultural sector (Table 1). There are different interpretations of the concept of urbanization; some researchers consider it as a method, others as a process. The term urbanization is applied not only to territories, but also to areas of economic activity, industries and sectors of the economy, for example, to the agricultural sector, justifying its development as a high-tech cluster, on the one hand, and on the other, separating the link between the concepts of "agricultural production" and "rural territory ". A. Kumar, J. S. Rattan, when describing an ecologically clean city, write about the need to create various agricultural structures, plots within its boundaries, about vertical agricultural buildings of the "agro-tower" type, which will reduce the time of delivery of food to consumers [9].
Thanks to new architectural and engineering solutions, information and communication technologies that ensure the automation of the agro-industrial complex, a number of developed countries are already designing and implementing vertical agriculture. K. Jürkenbeck, A. Heumann, A. Spiller, analysing the concepts and technologies of vertical agriculture and sustainable agriculture, do not find a significant difference in them [10].
Let us highlight the features of urbanization of the agricultural sector: possible lack of binding to the ground; -distribution on the territory of cities; -minimization of the used area, but maximization of the used volume of farms; -creation of digital ecosystems for the management of vertical farms; -using new architectural and engineering solutions, information and communication technologies, methods and technologies of selection for the production of agricultural sector products. According to the authors, urbanization of the agricultural sector is the process of spreading high-tech industries of the agricultural sector in the territory of cities.
Thus, by the sixth technological order, more and more urban dwellers will be involved in the agricultural sector, and there will be a need for specialists mastering in new technologies. However, already now, new solutions are required from the agricultural sector, which only human capital and new technologies could implement. As L. Palmer writes, in the United States there is a post-industrial trend of the emergence of an urban rural population [11].
We can assume that there is a tendency to blur the differences between the rural and the urban population, agricultural and other sectors of production activity, but so far, according to the research of V.A. Ilyin, T.V. Uskova, Russia is far from this trend [12,13]. Nevertheless, at the same time, to develop technological solutions for the implementation of scenarios for the scientific and technological development of agriculture, specialists from various industries are already involved.

Methods
The study refers to assessment the quality of life of the population concerning the possibilities of obtaining environmentally friendly products in the territory of "smart settlements".
One of the areas of "smart agriculture" is the urbanization of agriculture. Let us highlight the factors influencing the formation of "smart agriculture". For this purpose, it is necessary to consider the terminology associated with the development of urban agriculture and the characteristics of urbanization. Then you need to collect and process data regarding the ratio of the share of rural and urban population in the Federal Districts of Russia, and get prognostic estimates until 2030 Information on the presence and distribution of vertical farms, as examples of urbanization in the Federal Districts, we will collect from online Internet resources.

Results and discussion
To determine the differences between vertical and urban agriculture, we considered such characteristics as the goal, main tasks, territorial location, and characteristics of the premises used ( Table 2). The analysis showed that from the standpoint of improving the quality of life, the most attractive features are the creation of an eco-friendly city and the minimization of used land areas. The urbanization of Russian regions is heterogeneous (Table 3). At the same time, due to natural and economic, socio-economic and cultural characteristics, there is an unequal development of vertical agriculture. Tsentralny, Northwestern, Volga, Siberian and Far-Eastern districts specialize in automated vertical farms for the production of vegetables and greens, whereas Uralsky district prefers growing strawberries. There are no vertical farms in the Yuzhny and North-Caucasian districts.
The analysis shows that the highest proportion of the rural population is in the Yuzhny and North Caucasian Federal Districts and in the same districts, automated vertical crop farms are not developing or introducing; however, automated livestock farms are designed (Table 3). This difference is primarily due to the formation of demand, which is fully satisfied in some regions and partially in others.
The structure of costs and, first, the price of electricity (Table 4) have an impact on the promotion of projects of vertical and urban agriculture in the cities of Russia.

* The price is valid for the preferential category, which includes vegetable producers
We can compare the payback periods of projects in cities in different districts. It is obvious that even the highest payback period of 5 years meets the requirements of investors, given that demand is growing and supply is limited. Therefore, we can consider the prospects for the development of automated vertical farms as economically justified.
We believe that when developing and implementing new projects, it is necessary to take into account the factors that positively and negatively affect the formation of an "urbanized agricultural sector" as a direction for the development of a "smart city" (Table 5).

Conclusion
The study refers to assessment the quality of life of the population concerning the possibilities of obtaining environmentally friendly products in the territory of "smart settlements". One of the areas of "smart agriculture" is the urbanization of agriculture. Let us highlight the factors influencing the formation of "smart agriculture". For this purpose, it is necessary to consider the terminology associated with the development of urban agriculture and the characteristics of urbanization. Then you need to collect and process data regarding the ratio of the share of rural and urban population in the Federal Districts of Russia, and get prognostic estimates until 2030.
Information on the presence and distribution of vertical farms, as examples of urbanization in the Federal Districts, we will collect from online Internet resources.