Economic mechanism of the region breeding service activity

. The article examines the concept and elements of the economic mechanism of breeding in the region. The main goal of this work is to determine the features of the economic mechanism of the breeding service in the region for its further optimization. At the same time, the following tasks are being solved: - to reveal the features of the economic mechanism of the breeding service of the region; - to determine the main factors influencing the activities of the breeding service in the region; - to analyze the effectiveness of state support for the breeding service of the region. We note that the technologies of cattle reproduction using the method of artificial insemination with sexed semen and the method of embryo transfer in agricultural enterprises in practice have proven their economic efficiency and high profitability indicators. But to obtain the described results, the source material (sexed seed and embryo), as well as the qualities of the donor and recipient, as well as systematic work in the industry of dairy and beef cattle breeding in the Samara region, are extremely important. Raised cows with high genetic potential, obtained from artificial insemination with sexed semen and embryo transplantation, can then be used as donor cows to obtain embryos and their further transplantation in other agricultural enterprises.


Introduction
Livestock is one of the main branches of agricultural production. At the same time, it was on livestock production that the decline of the nineties and early 2000s was most strongly affected [1][2][3][4]. In the conditions of the Samara region, there is a significant reduction in the number of all types of farm animals in comparison with the Soviet period. If in crop production the self-sufficiency of the region is more than 100%, in animal husbandry it is about 50%. Therefore, the role of stimulating measures on the part of the state is increasing [5][6][7][8].
The economic mechanism of management is a means of influencing subjects of economic activity through their economic interests for the implementation of economic activities and continuous reproduction processes. [9,10] An economic mechanism is a mechanism for the coordination and regulation of economic activity based on the use of a set of economic methods, instruments of influence on economic entities in order to implement the type and scale of reproduction of gross output necessary in accordance with the changing needs of society through the rational use of available factors of production, timely high-quality reimbursement of their costs in value and in kind. [11][12][13][14][15] The main structural components of the economic mechanism are systematized in two main directions: market and state regulation. The first group includes demand, supply, price, competition, market infrastructure. The second -state regulation of pricing, subsidies, subsidies, compensation, lending, insurance, taxation, antimonopoly regulation, commodity purchases and interventions, regulation of foreign economic relations. [16] Based on these definitions, a general diagram of the structure of the economic mechanism of the activity of the tribal service of the region is proposed, shown in Fig. 1. In accordance with this approach, the complex nature of this concept is clearly visible. Therefore, it is necessary to work out methodological approaches to stimulate the activities of the breeding service in the region, taking into account the whole variety of its elements. These methods should implement a multilateral approach to stimulate the economic activity of agricultural producers in the region related to the breeding business and its results.

Methods and materials
The main goal of this work is to determine the features of the economic mechanism of the breeding service in the region for its further optimization. At the same time, the following tasks are being solved: -to reveal the features of the economic mechanism of the breeding service of the region; -to determine the main factors influencing the activities of the breeding service in the region; -to analyze the effectiveness of state support for the breeding service of the region.
The object of the research is the economic relations of breeding farms, state bodies regulating breeding, agricultural producers. The research methodology consists in analyzing the features of the economic mechanism of the breeding service of the region, including state support, in relation to the conditions of the Samara region. In the course of the study, the abstract-logical method, situational and system analysis, economic and statistical methods, and the method of expert assessments were used.

Results and discussion
In the region, there is a decrease in state support for agriculture. If in 2016-2017 the amount of financing of agricultural production reached 6 billion rubles, then at present it is about 4 billion rubles. All articles of state support were reduced, including those for animal husbandry [17][18][19][20]. Currently, the size of budget payments is about 1 billion rubles. (Table  1). As can be seen from the data in the table, the bulk of funding is provided by the regional budget (70.9% in 2018, 76.4% in 2019). The largest share is taken by support aimed at increasing productivity in dairy farming (in total, more than 50% of the allocated funds). Based on the data in Table 2, it can be seen that as a result of government support measures, the indicators of the development of livestock farming in the region are increasing. For example, there is an increase in the number of meat animals. For a long time, there was no specialized meat herd in the region, and only in the last 15-20 years the prerequisites for its appearance have been created. There is an increase in the productivity of dairy cattle (by 106%), which is associated, among other things, with an increase in the proportion of breeding animals with high genetic potential (Table 3). Special attention from the leadership of the region is paid to specialized enterprises with high production rates [21][22][23][24][25]. In dairy cattle breeding, a conditional "pool" of 17 enterprises has been formed, with a productivity of more than 6,000 kg of milk per cow. They receive about a quarter of all funding for the development of livestock in the region. This allows increasing both productivity (on average up to 7748 kg of milk in 2019) and the share in total milk production (up to 54%).
The growth of insurance coverage for animals is increasing in the region. Their share increased to 19.36%. Despite the shortcomings of the existing insurance methodology, enterprises are forced to do this due to the deterioration of the epizootic situation in the region (ASF, rabies, brucellosis, etc.) [26].
Despite the growth in livestock production in agricultural organizations and peasant farms, the volume of production in the region practically does not increase. Due to these sources, it is not possible to fully compensate for the decline in production in the private household plots sector [27][28][29]. Despite the system of subsidies, support for this type of agricultural producers is significantly less compared to other forms of agricultural production. Without equalizing the conditions of state support, it is impossible to reduce the reduction in livestock in private household plots, in the volume of products produced, and to reduce the number of complete abandonment of animals.
The development of the breeding service in the region is characterized primarily by the breeding farms production indicators ( Table 4). The productivity of cows in almost all farms is growing, which testifies to the effectiveness of zootechnical measures.
Embryo transplantation is one of the factors behind the dramatic increase in productivity. From an economic point of view, embryo transplantation is especially interesting for commercial farms that do not have breeding animals, but intend to create a breeding nucleus of cattle. For such agricultural enterprises, it is enough to have a broodstock -recipients (outbreds), to whom embryos can be transplanted [30][31][32][33][34][35].
The rapid development of the biotechnological method for obtaining embryos should be simple and reliable [36][37][38][39][40][41], allowing with high results to obtain embryos from outstanding cows not only in the Center for Reproductive Technologies, but also in the conditions of the breeding farms of the Samara region. To date, the Samara region does not keep statistics on the number of transplants in the region. But as for the survival rate of embryos, it depends directly on the health of the animals (donor / recipient) and the breed of cattle.
As an example, let us take the experience of cattle embryo transplantation on the basis of Center for Reproductive Technologies (Samara).
This organization began its work on embryo transfer in 2012. The aim of this project was to obtain high-value Holstein bull calves on heifers, first generation black-and-white crossbreeds, as well as to assess the economic efficiency of this method.
The purchase of embryos was carried out at the Osnabrück Livestock Breeding Association (OHG Germany) and their subsequent transfer was carried out with the involvement of OHG specialists. 59 embryos were transferred, resulting in 10 calves and 14 heifers. The gobies were subsequently used to obtain semen at Center for Reproductive Technologies. Thus, the survival rate of embryos in 2012 was 47.4%.
In 2016, 10 more heifers were purchased for embryo transplantation, the first generation crossbreeds of the black-and-white breed. The embryos were also obtained from the Osnabrück Livestock Breeding Association (OHG Germany). The characteristics of the fathers of the purchased embryos are shown in Table 5. In 2016, 4 bulls were received and the survival rate was 50%.  In September 2019 Center for Reproductive Technologies began to obtain the semen of bull calves obtained by the method of embryo transplantation. As a result, for 1 year of receipt and sale of semen for 1 bull amounted to 446093 rubles. On the basis of the data obtained, the economic efficiency was calculated and the economic benefit from the use of the embryo transplantation method for obtaining high-value breeding bulls -producers of the Holstein breed was experimentally proved.
Nevertheless, I would like to note that the survival rate of embryos directly in Germany, in the Osnabrück Livestock Breeding Association for 2018 averaged 77%. These results have been achieved thanks to the careful selection of genomically evaluated heifers with high genetic potential and excellent health in Germany as donors.

Conclusion
In conclusion, we note that the technologies of cattle reproduction using the method of artificial insemination with sexed semen and the method of embryo transfer in agricultural enterprises in practice have proven their economic efficiency and high profitability indicators. But to obtain the described results, the source material (sexed seed and embryo), as well as the qualities of the donor and recipient, as well as systematic work in the industry of dairy and beef cattle breeding in the Samara region, are extremely important. Raised cows with high genetic potential, obtained from artificial insemination with sexed semen and embryo transplantation, can then be used as donor cows to obtain embryos and their further transplantation in other agricultural enterprises.