Solving the problems of conservation and rational use of natural resources as a modern factor in the development of the world and regional economy

. Today, the rate and volume of human use of natural resources are increasing at a very high speed. Pumping out huge amounts of oil and gas from the Earth's interior, which cannot quickly recover, no one calculated how this, for example, would affect all the parameters of the movement of our planet and, accordingly, the change in the living conditions of people. Cutting down forests and building dams on rivers, no one calculated how this would affect climate change on the Earth in the future, etc. At the same time, the economic activity of organizations under competition in various fields of activity, including interstate, aimed at activating people's consumer behavior, increasingly aggravates the already difficult environmental situation, and the mainland of the Earth, the world ocean, and the near space began to turn into a "garbage dump" from the results of human activities and production waste. And as a result, humanity faces the issue of its survival on the Earth, associated with the need for rational use of natural resources and their timely reproduction as a key factor in its economic development. Today it is necessary to develop and implement the concept of responsible consumption in people's economic activities, which enables to take care of the world's natural resources and to exclude the possibility of an environmental catastrophe associated with the "littering" of their habitat.


Introduction
At present, the development of both the national and the world economy requires the increasing use of natural resources. At the same time, in the middle of the twentieth century, the need to use natural resources in the interests of economic development "relied" on the thesis of I.V. Michurin that "we cannot wait for the mercies of nature. It is our task to take them" [1]. Unfortunately, this has been taken literally. But, as noted by A. Sokhansky, "after getting acquainted with the life and legacy of the scientist, these words do not seem to be the consumer slogan at all. The catch phrase of I.V. Michurin does not call for taking an axe and cutting down trees in the garden to make it easier to collect fruit from them, or using a chainsaw to cut down cedars in the taiga to quickly fill bags with cones" [1]. A person can and should use natural resources to solve their problems since the development of modern society as a consumer society requires the use and transformation of the necessary natural resources in the interests of meeting the needs of people. However, the present increase in the rate and volume of human consumption of resources can be compared to their destruction. Even 50 years ago, it was not clear why people had to buy drinking water, when there were rivers and lakes with fresh water around. Today, people are already afraid to drink water, as the water in the rivers becomes undrinkable due to the fault of people. The relevance of the topic under consideration is determined by the fact that today the search for new sources of natural resources, their conservation, and multiplication is becoming the main condition for the survival of people on the Earth.
The article identifies the current problems associated with the implementation of the scientific concept of responsible consumption, which allows optimal use of the world's natural resources in the interests of the development of both the world economy and national economies while maintaining the ecological balance in nature.

Materials and Methods
To study the problems of conservation and rational use of natural resources in the interests of the development of the world and national economies, a review of scientific publications on the topic under consideration was conducted, analytical and statistical information on the results of organizations' activities in modern conditions was studied, and interviews were conducted with specialists at various levels of management of industrial organizations of the real sector of the economy and environmental organizations of the Yaroslavl region as one of the developed industrial regions of Russia. Research materials on this topic have been repeatedly submitted for discussion at various scientific and practical conferences and "round tables" held jointly by researchers and practitioners from organizations.

Results and Discussion
Currently, there is a "war" between different countries for gaining access to cheap natural resources to achieve a competitive advantage in the development of national economies. And the United States is the most active in this "war". A striking example of this is the actions of the United States aimed at disrupting the construction of the Nord Stream-2 gas pipeline, organizing the "removal" of Rosatom from the contract in the Czech Republic for the construction of a nuclear power plant in favor of American companies, and much more, unfounded claims for the right to use the Northern Sea Route in their interests, etc. [2]. At the same time, the United States considers Russia as the main political and military opponent since it has large reserves of various resources and is a major supplier of them. However, today we are sure that Russia cannot use its natural resources without scientifically based provisions. For example, the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology A. Kozlov noted that, "At the current production levels, Russia will have oil reserves for 59 years, and natural gas -for 103 years. And the Head of the Federal Agency for Subsoil Use (Rosnedr) E. Kiselyov told Rossiyskaya Gazeta in April 2020 that Russia had oil reserves for 58 years (with only 19 profitable years) and gas reserves for more than 60 years [3].
This also applies to forest resources. For example, deforestation is caused by the transformation of woodlands into land for farming, construction of roads to remote places and various pipelines, construction of housing, factories, growing demand for forest products, and providing consumers with wood and paper, etc. It is a well-known fact that forests cover 31% of the territory of our planet. In the Russian Federation (RF), the forest area is 814,931 thousand hectares (20% of the world's forest heritage), which is 50% of the territory of Russia. Experts estimate that the world is currently losing more than 9 million hectares of forest a year. And this is the size of Portugal in terms of area. Deforestation not only affects the climate, increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but also has a huge impact on the environment, preventing water recycling, provoking severe flooding, depletion of aquifers, soil degradation, and disappearance of plant and animal species [4].
And fires in Russia, the United States, Spain, and Australia in the last few years alone have destroyed millions of hectares of the forest while killing millions of different animals and birds living in these forests. For example, ecologists at the University of Sydney estimated that about half a billion birds, mammals, and reptiles died in wildfires in Australia at the end of 2019. At the same time, according to ecologists, whole species of birds and animals were destroyed together with the forests [5]. And fires destroy more and more areas of the forest every year. According to the Audit Chamber of the Russian Federation, "about 300 thousand hectares of forest disappear in Russia every year. In 70% of cases, this is due to forest fires, the intensity of which has increased by 30-50% over the past 30 years, experts say" [14].
And today, they are already officially beginning to talk about the shortage of building materials from the forest in both Russian and foreign markets. At the same time, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation is concerned about the current situation and is working on the issue of including lumber in the list of goods that are essential for the domestic market, for which temporary restrictions or export bans may be established in exceptional cases [6]. And according to the latest report from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, lumber is currently the country's most obvious scarce commodity. In a press release, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce states that "in the third quarter of 2020, more than half of contractors reported a shortage of certain goods, while 11% of American companies reported a shortage of wood and lumber" [7].
Until recently, people could not even imagine that they would need to buy drinking water when there are rivers and lakes with fresh water. Nevertheless, the purchase of drinking water is becoming commonplace in today's Russia. 50 years ago, Russians did not even think about buying drinking water in stores when there were rivers and lakes with drinking water all around.
For example, the Yaroslavl Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring published data from studies of the state and pollution of the environment for 2019. The figures show that there is practically no clean water left in regional reservoirs used by most of the inhabitants. Experts conducted monitoring at two reservoirs, two lakes, and ten rivers of the Yaroslavl region. 85% of reservoirs have, according to the study, "very polluted" water: the Rybinsk and Gorky reservoirs (measurements were carried out on the Volga River in Rybinsk, Tutaev, and Yaroslavl) in the region, the Korozhechna, Yukhot, Cheremukha, Kostroma, It, Kotorosl, Sot, Ukhra Rivers, and Lake Nero. Things are even worse in 7% of water bodies: water in the Rybinsk reservoir in the Breitov district and the Sit River received the "dirty" category. If these results are compared with the results of the same study of the Center for Hydrometeorology in 2018, it becomes clear that the state of reservoirs has deteriorated: back then only 57% of the water bodies of the region had "very polluted" water [8]. Today even bathing in many reservoirs is prohibited due to water pollution and the likelihood of getting infectious diseases. And the deepest Lake Baikal today is on the verge of an ecological disaster, etc. In general, as noted in the report of the Audit Chamber of the RF, "almost all the rivers of the country are polluted with wastewater, while 88% of the water to be treated is discharged into the rivers in an improper state" [14]. Therefore, today it is necessary to approach the use of fresh water suitable for drinking from a scientific standpoint and very carefully, to take into account the multiple risks and problems for each individual, national economies and even the whole of humanity, so as not to turn the strategy of the development of society and the economy into a strategy of accelerating its destruction.
At the same time, the world ocean today is becoming an environmentally dangerous area for human life. For example, Japan is currently planning to drain more than one million tons of radioactive water from the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, which was destroyed in a nuclear accident in 2011 [9]. One can imagine the environmental consequences of such activities and their negative impact on people and wildlife, when 1,15 million tons of polluted water, the storage of which is associated with huge costs and the complexity of the disposal process, will fall into the world ocean. Fish will swim in this water, which can become infected with diseases and in the future, becoming dangerous for people, can get into their food anywhere in the world. As the head of the public organization "Ecological Watch of Sakhalin" D. Lisitsyn told RIA Novosti, "the water drain from the Fukushima-1 emergency nuclear power plant in Japan will lead to the possible radioactive contamination in the center of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, where Pacific salmon are gaining weight" [10]. The ocean is often used by humans as the most convenient place to get rid of various garbage and industrial waste. Everything from space stations that have served their time to household garbage is being drowned in the ocean. So, for example, the Pacific Ocean has a giant island of garbage, which is already called "Great Pacific Garbage Patch", "Pacific Trash Vortex", "Pacific Garbage Island", etc. It is growing at a gigantic pace, as every day about 2.5 million pieces of plastic and other garbage are dumped into the ocean from all continents. Such a "garbage island" causes irreparable damage to the environment since birds, fish, and other ocean inhabitants take this plastic for food. As a result, syringes, lighters, and toothbrushes are found in the stomachs of fallen seabirds, which the birds and fish swallow, mistaking them for food. This causes the death of more than 100 thousand marine mammals and the annual death of more than a million seabirds. And, unfortunately, there is a high probability that soon nothing can be fixed.
There is a "littering" of the Earth, near space, and the World Ocean with production waste and improper disposal of used products. For example, according to the European Space Agency (ESA), there are about 29 thousand fragments and debris up to 10 cm in size, about 670 thousand fragments less than 10 cm in size, and more than 170 million fragments ranging in size from 10 cm to 1 m with a total mass of up to 630 thousand tons [12].
But problems with the disposal of garbage are already visible even on land. For example, in the materials of the Audit Chamber of the Russian Federation on the results of monitoring the national project "Ecology", it is said that "the volume of garbage in Russia is growing at such a pace that in 6 years the country will run out of landfills for the disposal of household waste". The report notes that "the volume of municipal waste is increasing at such a rate that in 6 years there will be no landfills for their disposal, and this will happen much earlier in some regions" [13]. The auditors of the Audit Chamber note, "the main problem for the environment in Russia is not this garbage but the waste that is formed during the extraction of minerals. The Audit Chamber refers to the data of the national strategy for environmental safety, according to which, approximately 4 billion tons of production and consumption waste are generated in Russia annually, of which 55-60 million tons are solid municipal waste" [13]. In Russia, "the amount of waste that is not involved in secondary economic turnover is increasing but is placed in landfills and dumps, which leads to the withdrawal of productive agricultural land from circulation. About 15 thousand authorized waste disposal facilities occupy territories with a total area of about 4 million hectares, which increase annually by 300-400 thousand hectares", the document says [13]. Back in the middle of the last century, the problem of depletion of the world's natural resources and waste disposal was not as acute as it is today. "In a relatively short time, nature has shown that everything is cyclical in it. In the Middle Ages, people just threw garbage out of the window and got the plague as a result. Europeans and Americans got garbage islands in their territories and many other problems from the garbage that arrived from Africa, which they also sent there", etc. [14]. And Russia also faces problems with waste disposal. For example, in the materials of the Audit Chamber of the Russian Federation on the results of monitoring the national project "Ecology", it is said that "the volume of garbage in Russia is growing at such a pace that in 6 years the country will run out of landfills for the disposal of household waste". The report notes that "the volume of municipal waste is increasing at such a rate that in 6 years there will be no landfills for their disposal, and this will happen much earlier in some regions" [15]. The auditors of the Audit Chamber note, "the main problem for the environment in Russia is not this garbage but the waste that is formed during the extraction of minerals. The Audit Chamber refers to the data of the national strategy for environmental safety, according to which, approximately 4 billion tons of production and consumption waste are generated in Russia annually, of which 55-60 million tons are solid municipal waste". In Russia, "the amount of waste that is not involved in secondary economic turnover is increasing but is placed in landfills and dumps, which leads to the withdrawal of productive agricultural land from circulation. About 15 thousand authorized waste disposal facilities occupy territories with a total area of about 4 million hectares, which increase annually by 300-400 thousand hectares", the document says [15]. All this leads to "overspending" of natural resources. These problems are well-known in different countries that understand they need to be solved. And they even seem to be trying to do something in this direction. The rapid aggravation of problems of the use of natural resources forces us to look for new approaches to overcome them.
The analysis of the current situation with competition in the world market shows that "in modern conditions, characterized by the strengthening of the struggle of world economies to seize positions in the most promising areas of scientific and technological progress, the achievement of competitive advantages requires special, fundamentally and qualitatively different approaches than those set out in classical science", including the use of natural resources [16]. So, for example, as President of the United States, D. Trump signed an executive order on the right of the United States to use the resources of the Moon [17]. As a result, the Russian scientist A.I. Subetto argues that today "we are talking about the noospheric paradigm of technologism and industrialism, which would ensure the noospheric harmony of the human economy on the Earth with the biogeocenoses, would ensure the conservation, first of all, of such life-supporting ecosystems as soil, forest, freshwater reservoirs (for example, Lake Baikal, Lake Ladoga, and Lake Onega in Russia), swamps, the World Ocean, especially the continental zones of the World Ocean, where plankton is reproduced -the most important producer of oxygen along with boreal forests" [18]. This actualizes the problems of rational use of natural resources for the development of both the world economy and national economies.
These problems are quite complex and require a scientific and objective approach from the standpoint of the interests and survival of all mankind. And a single country, no matter how much it tries to work effectively to solve the problems outlined in the article, cannot solve them alone.
Firstly, the use of natural resources in the interests of economic development is often politicized. As a result, there is a political struggle with the use of both military and political and economic methods on the part of the United States for access to natural resources. The United States is especially "hardworking" in this direction. For example, the United States is trying to extract and then sell shale gas instead of Russia in Europe, in every possible way preventing the construction of the Nord Stream-2 pipeline. However, the environmental damage from the extraction of such gas causes huge damage to nature. Thus, experts and environmentalists claim that "drilling sites after the completion of work resemble the sites of a nuclear disaster, turning into an environmental disaster zone". If the problem of allocating areas for production and the associated environmental risks still do not look so obvious for the United States with its vast and sparsely populated territories, then the situation is quite different in Europe. The EU quickly realized the potential risks of shale gas production, which allowed critics of the "shale revolution" to say that the use of American technologies is equivalent to exporting an environmental disaster to Europe and will turn Europe into a "global burial ground" [19]. The mass media in the United States and a number of Western countries "promote" ideas of fair access to the world's natural resources. And, as they write, "what kind of world justice can we talk about when such a territory as Siberia belongs to Russia alone?", "few people live in Siberia, and Lake Baikal is 30% of the world's fresh water reserves. So it's not fair that Baikal belongs to Russia. It should be in the public domain! It would be right and democratic!" [20]. And today, the United States is trying to "take away" the Northern Sea Route from Russia. "The United States has its eyes on the Russian Arctic and is actively pushing the idea that the Arctic spaces allegedly belong not to a country that goes to the Arctic seas with its shores and has the largest Arctic coast but to a certain "world community". However, according to experts, "referring to the provisions on freedom of navigation of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Americans forget that the United States itself has not signed this document" [21]. For example, former US President D. Trump signed an executive order canceling initiatives to fulfill U.S. commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But, as A. Nakhutin, Deputy Director of the Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of the Rosgidromet of the RAS said, "the United States is such a major player in the climate game (and they account for 14.4% of global emissions) that any domestic decisions affect the international situation" in the field of environmental safety [22]. Thus, practice shows that often political issues and economic problems prevail over common sense, and many countries and organizations try to solve these issues at no extra cost, caring not about the necessary reproduction of natural resources to prevent irreversible processes in nature but how to get access to natural resources in the interests of developing their national economy, even to the detriment of the interests of their partners. Today, this problem needs to be solved radically, creating, perhaps, a structure similar to the UN, but in the field of environmental security in the world and the rational use of the world's natural resources.
The decisions of this organization should be binding on all countries without exception. Today there are structures of conservationists in many countries.
Secondly, today all countries, in the interests of developing their national economies, are striving to increase consumer demand for their products. For this purpose, for example, consumers have already formed a demand for disposable products. And modern people today are already actively using disposable dishes, disposable plastic bags in stores and for garbage, shaving machines, disposable pens, and much more. There is a lot of information on the Internet about the sale of such products. But, as practice shows, it is such disposable products that significantly increase the amount of garbage. For example, "the service life of a package from 5 to 20 minutes is the time it takes us to bring this package home and throw it away. And it will decompose in nature for 200-500 years" [23]. Today, even long-term demand goods, such as televisions and washing machines, are made "disposable" by manufacturers, that is, such products are deliberately limited by manufacturers in terms of operation due to the introduction of technical innovations, and make their "planned by manufacturer" repair expensive, etc. All this forces consumers to buy new products more often. Old products that could have increased serviced life are thrown into the trash. The activist of "Eco-friendly. Kazan" and "No More Garbage" (Barnaul) E. Tertishnikova notes that various sources name the figures of garbage that a person creates -from 400 to 1000 kg per person per year. Therefore, a person can send up to 10 tons of garbage to a landfill over 20 years of life [23]. However, it should be borne in mind that today the rejection of all disposable items is becoming a serious problem for many countries and organizations. The report of the Audit Chamber of the Russian Federation "clarifies that the fight against the problem of recycling the solid municipal waste in Russia can be ineffective without popularizing the use of reusable goods and containers" [14]. Very few resources used in the production of products are recycled, which increases the volume of both new volumes of natural resources received by organizations and the amount of unreclaimed garbage. To avoid the situation of creating more and more garbage dumps, product manufacturers shall be responsible for the disposal of their products, creating a developed network of reception points for products that have become unnecessary to consumers for their recycling for secondary use. But it should be borne in mind that many countries and organizations actively sell their products to other countries. Accordingly, such a system of reception points shall be accessible to all consumers around the world. But there are problems, firstly, of interstate regulation of such work, and secondly, of the struggle to get a profitable business in the processing of natural resources for secondary use. Therefore, when solving this problem, it is necessary to be guided not by corporate interests but the understanding that the Earth is our common home and care for it should be shared.
Thirdly, today we need calculated and scientifically based standards for the use of world resources and fair quotas for states to extract and use them, taking into account the interests of not producers who are most concerned with profit but the needs to replenish the used natural resources. As a result, world science is faced with the task of forming a concept of responsible consumption aimed at ensuring that states do not seek to "snatch" natural resources in any way in the interests of the development of the national economy on the principle: "As if there were no tomorrow", but strive to pass on to future generations an environmentally friendly planet. An important task in the implementation of the concept of responsible consumption will be the search for the application of the further use of the products of organizations that have a small life cycle, and the formation of people's beliefs in the expediency of their involvement in this activity.
Fourthly, it shall be mentioned that the implementation of the ways we have shown to solve the problems outlined in the article is often an expensive process, and as a result, is not perceived by organizations since this reduces their profits. Nevertheless, an organization created on the basis of the UN principle to control the use of various natural resources could continuously monitor the consumption of natural resources on the Earth, monitor the risks arising from this, and control the restoration of resources in the interests of human life, regulating legislation in this area of various countries and coordinating their work. States and people should be presented with a scientifically based concept of responsible consumption with its own scientific apparatus, that is, the concept of a reasonable attitude to natural resources. Unfortunately, the current situation of political confrontation, primarily between the United States and its partners concerning Russia and China, makes it difficult for states to cooperate in implementing the areas of work we have outlined in the use of natural resources, as well as in the import substitution of scarce minerals and strategic mineral raw materials. For example, the Audit Chamber of the Russian Federation reported a decrease in the reproduction of scarce and strategic resources from 2018 to 2020 by almost two times -from 63% to 32%. According to the representatives of the Audit Chamber of the Russian Federation, the management of the state subsoil fund "is not carried out effectively enough", and "the absence of a set of measures for import substitution of scarce types of minerals and strategic mineral raw materials creates risks for the national security of the country". As a result, it is proposed to "improve the legislation on rational subsoil use" [24]. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid speculations by some states on the issue of gaining the advantage of some more developed countries over other countries or solving their economic development problems by using the natural resources of other countries, as the United States would like to do today. And here we need to find common interstate approaches to solving the problems of using natural resources and restoring them in the interests of the development of both the world and national economies. It is important to find the necessary balanced solutions for the rational use of natural resources and their effective restoration and to accept them for unconditional implementation. It is difficult, but we need to do this now so as not to be late.

Conclusions
Today, the world has clearly identified the problems of conservation and rational use of natural resources, which need to be solved not by individual countries alone but jointly in the interests of the life of future generations and the prevention of a global environmental catastrophe. The main mechanism for solving the problems outlined in the article can be a scientifically calculated and justified concept of responsible consumption, which would receive legislative recognition and support in all countries and would ensure planned and coordinated interstate cooperation in this field. And this requires a constructive inter-state dialogue, rather than increasing political and economic confrontation in solving the problems of conservation and rational use of natural resources as a modern factor in the development of both global and regional economies. Thus, it should be noted that the issues of rational use of natural resources and their reproduction is a complex and difficult problem. Today they are solved in different countries and in different ways. Not all countries, especially industrially developed ones, are ready and willing to limit themselves in the use of natural resources in the interests of the development of the national economy, as this will objectively be associated with a decrease in profits from the production and sale of products and additional costs for measures to reproduce natural resources. We have no right to be late and make the process of depletion of natural resources irreversible, calling into question the survival of not only individual countries but also of all mankind. And now the time has come when it is necessary to update not only the conversations on this topic at various forums and congresses but also to move on to the implementation of specific measures in the practical plane of solving the problems identified in the article.