Comparison of shallot and tobacco farm income in Selopamioro Village, Imogiri Sub District, Bantul District, Yogyakarta

Indonesia as an agricultural country has two seasons, there are the dry season and the rainy season. In the dry season they cultivate a lot of palawija crops. Some palawija plants actually have a higher economic value, such as tobacco and shallots. The costs of these two commodities are different, will result in different income. This research objectives is to know the cost, income, and feasibility of tobacco and shallot farming. If shallot farming can be an alternative to replace tobacco, this will encourage a reduction in the cigarette industry in Indonesia. The research was conducted in Selopamioro Village, Imogiri District, Bantul Regency, using purposive sampling technique and 46 farmers as respondents. The income and feasibility analysis uses the measure NR = TR TC and R/C. The results showed that shallot farming, with an average land area of 466 m2, provided a higher income, there is IDR 24,266,482 (2 times planting) compared to tobacco farming of IDR 7,287,396. R/C of shallot farming is 7.99 and tobacco is 12.23. It can be concluded that shallot farming can be used as an alternative to tobacco farming because it is more profitable.


Introduction
Agriculture is an important sector in development in Indonesia. This is indicated by the large number of labor force absorbed in the agricultural sector reaching 50% with the condition of most of the farmers including small farmers who only have agricultural land and limited capital so that the results obtained from farming cannot meet their daily needs [1]. Tobacco (Nicotiana spp.L.) is one of the plantation commodities that has an important role in the development of the plantation sector. Various problems faced by tobacco farmers do not cause a decrease in the contribution of tobacco to the economy in Indonesia. This is because the increase in the number of requests for tobacco continues to increase and the increase in the number of exports of tobacco abroad is increasing [2].
The existence of the growing cigarette industry is supported by the presence of tobacco farmers are spread out in several regions in Indonesia. The economic value of tobacco plants is the high-value income group with relatively stable prices because of its clear In 2000, about a third (33.3%) of the global population (both sexes combined) and 15 years old and older, are current users of some forms of tobacco. By 2015, this rate had decreased to approa quarter (24.9%) of the global population. Assuming that current efforts in tobacco control are maintained in all countries, the figure is projected to decline further to about one-fifth (20.9%) of global population by 2025 (WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025 third edition) [9].
Several developed countries that have implemented tobacco consumption control have succeeded in reducing the level of cigarette consumers. In 2000, about a third (33.3%) of the global population aged 15 years or older were users at that time. This rate decreased, in 2015, to 24.9% of the global population. It is projected that by 2025 the figure will decline further to 20.9% of the global population (WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, third edition ISBN 978-92-4-000003-2) [9].
Because the prospect of tobacco plants is no longer recommended, it is necessary to look for other alternatives for farmers to be able to choose other plants that have at least the same economic value as tobacco plants.
Bantul Regency is one of the regions in DIY that relies on tobacco commodities with a tobacco land area of 172 hectares with a total production of 1,023.50 quintals [10]. Tobacco farming activities are spread in several areas in Bantul Regency. The following is data on land area and production by sub-district in Bantul Regency. Source: [10] The largest tobacco producer in Bantul Regency is in Imogiri District. Tobacco is grown in the dry season. The following is data on land area and production of shallot by subdistrict in Bantul Regency Table 2. The reason farmers grow tobacco is because this commodity is easy to maintain and has stable demand. Besides tobacco, there are several farmers who grow shallots in the same season. Shallots are a commodity that also has a high economic value and a short growing period. The demand for shallots is also stable because this commodity is needed every day as a cooking spice.
The cost of these two commodities is different, will produce different income. Which is more profitable for farmers, the aim of this study is to find out the costs, income, and feasibility of tobacco and shallot farming. If onion farming can be an alternative to replace tobacco, this will push the reduction of the cigarette industry in Indonesia. The income and feasibility analysis uses the measures NR = TR -TC and R/C.

Note: TR (Total Revenue) = Q x P Q
(1) (Q: Quantity; P Q : Price of production)

TC (Total Cost) = Y x H Y
(2) (Y: Production Factor; H Y: Price of production factor).

Research methods
This research was done in Selopamioro Village, Immogiri District, Bantul Regency. Sampling was carried out purposively, that is a deliberate sampling technique with the consideration that Selopamioro Village has the largest number of farmer groups. The number of respondents was 46 farmers using Simple Random Sampling. The data collection technique for primary data collection used the interview method with the help of a questionnaire, while the secondary data was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). This study uses a descriptive analysis of income and eligibility using measures of NR = TR -TC and R/C.

Shallot farming
Shallot farming is planted in the dry season from February to early April. The area of land for this shallot farming was 455 m 2 . The production period was 2 months and calculation with land conversion of 500 m 2 .

Onion farming costs
The cost of onion farming consists of the cost of production facilities, labor outside the family (TKLK), depreciation of equipment and other costs (this is land tax fee) used during the farming process. The total explicit cost of onion farming was IDR 1,907,450 with the largest cost component in the cost of production facilities which is dominated by the cost of seeds of IDR 1,044,673 for a land area of 500 m 2 . The need for shallot seeds is obtained from the previous harvest, which is set aside, so that if the previous harvest has decreased production, for example due to the influence of a bad season, it will affect the supply of seeds for the next season. The income received from shallot farming of IDR 13,333,231 with of cost sacrifice total cost explisit IDR 1,907,450.

Tobacco farming
Tobacco farming is planted from May to August, the production period is 4 months. Cultivated land area of tobacco farmers 466 m 2 . Calculation with land area conversion of 500 m 2 .

Explicit costs of tobacco farming
These costs include the cost of production facilities, labor costs outside the family (TKLK), depreciation costs, and other costs. The total explicit costs incurred by tobacco farming are IDR 685,254 which is dominated by the cost of production facilities. Tobacco farming income is the income earned by farmers from tobacco farming per planting period from May to August. The income received from tobacco farming is IDR 7,819.094 with of cost sacrifice total cost explicit IDR 685,254.

Alternative to tobacco farming
To be able to determine alternatives to tobacco farming, it is necessary to know what is being cultivated in the same season. Shallot farming is planted for 2 months from the end of February to April. Meanwhile, tobacco farming is planted for 4 months from May to the end of August. This means that shallot and tobacco farming are planted in the same season, that is the dry season.
To compare the costs and income of the two farms, the planting time period and land area must be converted. With the conversion of a land area of 500 m2 the results are as shown in Table 6 below. The costs incurred for shallot farming are much greater than the costs of tobacco farming. However, the income obtained from the shallot farming is also greater than the income from the tobacco farming. The R/C of tobacco farming is greater than that of shallots, which means that the cost efficiency is more profitable for tobacco. But for farmers, of course, prioritize the amount of income over the amount of capital productivity, especially the land owned by farmers is limited.
The shallot farming can be planted 2 times later in the same season. Because there is no cost and production data on the 2nd shallot plant, it is assumed that the data on the next 2 months crop in early April-May is the same in terms of cost and production usage, which is still in the same season, that is the dry season, so that if the income earned is doubled, it becomes IDR 26,666,462 which is much greater than the tobacco income of IDR 7,819,094 and can only plant once because it takes 4 months in the dry season. This means that in terms of income, the alternative that can replace tobacco farming in Selopamioro Village is onion farming. In terms of production costs, farmers must be able to provide more costs, but these costs will be returned for only 2 months, then farmers can plant them again after harvesting, and the next two months are still in the dry season. So far, some farmers choose to plant tobacco due to several factors.
According to [11] several factors become obstacles in replacing tobacco, that is technically tobacco plants have advantages in dry land and climates. Economically, tobacco commodities have a relatively high level of farm income and not many commodities match that level of income even though they have a high degree of risk as well.
The stability of demand and price stability may be the cause. The tobacco market is more stable in line with the steady demand of the cigarette industry. Meanwhile, shallot farming is more speculative, when the price soars, the income is very large, but when the price falls, it can be a loss. The price of shallots when they are low reaches an average of IDR 15,000/kg and when prices are high, they can reach IDR 85,000/kg. In fact, the demand for this shallot commodity is relatively stable because it is a product that is needed every day as a cooking spice in Indonesia. However, this shallot commodity cannot be stored for long because of its perishable nature.
Because there are still many farmers who grow tobacco compared to planting shallots with 2 time later, further research is needed on what are the factors that cause farmers to prefer to plant tobacco and not choose to plant shallots with 2 times later in the same season.