Innovative Technology Added Value in Reducing Rice Yield Gap in Tidal Land

Ameliorant, one of innovative technology, is actually able to accelerate the weathering of rice straw and grass. Other than that, it can also improve soil structure and increase soil pH. This study aims to analyze the added value of using innovative technology in reducing rice yield gaps in tidal land. It involved the Banjar Harum I and Banjar Sari Farmer Groups in Pinang Banjar Village, Sungai Lilin District, Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatra during the dry season of 2020 in an area of 45 ha. The ameliorant used was 5 liter/ha of bio-decomposer and 1 t/ha lime (dolomite). The results showed that the application of bio-decomposer and dolomite produced 3,617 and 3,283 kg/ha Harvested Dry Grain (HDG) respectively of the farmer groups as compared to 1,700 kg/ha of local farmers using no ameliorant. The added value of the innovative technology use is IDR 9,126,000 and IDR 7,408,440/ha, with MBCR of 2.15 and 1.25, respectively. In the wet season of 2020, the use of bio-decomposers and dolomite can reduce yield gaps by 17.74 and 14.38%, respectively, with the potential productivity of Inpari 42.


Introduction
More than half of the world's population consumes rice as a staple food [1;2]. Therefore, the availability of rice is prioritized. The increasing of rice production will not be sufficient if only rely on irrigation land, new land clearing on suboptimal land will be required. The development of tidal swamp land is a strategic step taken by the government considering its enormous potential, but it has not been utilized optimally. Reclamation of tidal swamp land is carried out to produce food, especially rice by utilizing its potential optimally, improving water management, and revitalizing existing infrastructure [3]. Tidal swamp area has a significant contribution to food production since, of the 774,502 ha of rice fields in South Sumatra, 273,919 ha is tidal swamp land, which ranks second after non-tidal rice fields.
Insufficient management problems in production systems are common, such as the usage of production facilities, particularly those constructed of chemicals, and the lack of needs-based technology that is adapted to local ecosystems in pest and disease control [4]. The excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and agrochemicals not only increases the production of food and other agricultural products but also has effect on land degradation, environmental problem, and increased yield losses due to pests and diseases. The use of unbalanced chemical fertilizers can increase the intensity of pest and disease attacks on rice plants which causes yield losses of around 15-30% [5]. Excessive chemical use in tidal swamp area puts food security, particularly rice, at risk, also threatens the sustainability of the rice production system. Rice production in tidal swamp area can potentially become untenable as a result of this [6]. Farmers' perception, poor knowledge, and behavioral aspect are all factors that influence the impact of utilizing these chemicals [7]. Of course, the tidal agro ecosystem with its constraints and problems needs to be minimized so that the specified output can be achieved. Therefore, to protect the environment while improving rice productivity to meet the ever-growing demand, careful management of rice ecosystem functions, the use of technology, infrastructure, and policies must be updated and embraced [8].
A bio intensive approach by incorporating ecological and economic factors into agricultural systems to address public concerns about environmental quality and food safety is explored as a sustainable approach [9]. Returning crop residues is one way to maintain organic matter content while also reducing soil fertility loss caused by planting. Rice straw is a waste of agriculture that can be used as an organic material. During the harvest season, rice straw is abundant. If the average grain yield is 5 tons/ha, then 1 ha yields 7.5 tons of straw (assuming ratio of grain with straw is 2:3). Straw is a comprehensive source of macro and micronutrients. Straw waste comprises 30-40% C, 1.5% N, 0.3% P 2 O5, 2% K 2 O, and 0.3% SiO 2 , as well as micronutrients such as Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cl, and Mo [10].
Nutrient management, including balanced fertilization and the application of ameliorants, is required to support land management. One way that can be applied is the use of microbial decomposers as an effort to increase rice productivity by improving the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil. Increased production can also be achieved by minimizing the yield gap, which can be accomplished through the use of innovative technologies [11]. Yield gaps can be caused by a various problem, including biophysical (water availability, soil fertility), technical, socio-economic, and institutional factors. Yield gaps are discussed not only as an attempt to explain the effects of factors that can increase, limit and reduce actual yields but also as an effort to improve the livelihoods of people in rural areas [12]. Furthermore, this study aims to analyze the added value of using innovative technology in reducing rice yield gaps in tidal land. The results of this study can be used to reduce rice yield gaps in other agro ecosystems. Harvest is after the grain is fully ripe (90%). Using combined harvesters. Drying of grain using tarpaulin.

Methodology
This study was carried out in Pinang Banjar Village, Sungai Lilin District, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra during the dry season (June-September) 2020. The area under study was a land plot of 45 ha with three hectares of focus plots for technology control. The observed plots applied the technological innovations using Bio decomposers and dolomite. Both were compared with those of local farmers. The existing technology at the study site is described in Table 1.
The innovative technology to improve the way of rice cultivation by farmers is the use of ameliorant, as shown in Table 2. Harvesting is done after the grain is fully ripe (90%). Using combine harvesters. Drying of grain using tarpaulin and artificial drying (box dryer) *) each ameliorant is given in a separate plot The data observed include the productivity of Harvested Dry Grain (HDG) and inputs used, input and output prices, costs incurred, farm income, factors causing yield gaps. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The rice yield gap between several yield levels is calculated with the following formula: Y a = yield gap between existing technology and assessment result (t/ha) Y 0 = existing productivity (t/ha) Y 1 = productivity of assessment result (t/ha) The same method can be used to calculate the increase in income. Furthermore, business feasibility will be calculated using Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C) and the feasibility of the innovation carried out compared to the previous method using Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) [13].

Rice Farming Production and Efficiency
The amount of production costs is influenced by the amount of input used such as fertilizer.
Based on the analysis of the elements N, P, K, lime and soil pH carried out at the South Sumatra AIAT laboratory using the Swamp Soil Test Equipment, the following results were obtained The use of SP 36 was replaced with TSP because this activity did not use subsidized fertilizers. The dose was 120 kg/ha, while KCl = 125 kg/ha with the consideration of even return of rice straw.
The analysis results indicated that dolomite use has higher production costs compared to bio-decomposer due to its higher value. Meanwhile, labor costs are higher in the use of bio-decomposers, due to higher production resulting in higher harvest/post-harvest costs.
The application of bio-decomposers generates a net income of IDR 6,574,700/ha, of dolomitegenerates net income of IDR 3,180,790/ha, and of without ameliorant only provides an income of IDR 1,677,180/ha. It is more efficient than the other two methods indicated by a higher R/C value. Theuse of bio-decomposers and dolomite have MBCR values of 2.15 and 1.25, respectively. The added value of the use of biodecomposers and dolomite is IDR. 9,126,000/ha and IDR. 7,408,440/ha, accordingly (simplified from Appendix 1). The results showed that the productivity of HDG using bio-decomposers and dolomite was 3.65 and 3.28 t/ha, respectively. On the other hand, no ameliorant (farmer's practice) was 1.7 t/ha. Bio-decomposers (BEKA) uses superior microbes to decompose organic matter which can degrade organic matter more quickly, fertilize the soil, and absorb toxic compounds (Al +, Fe +, Mn 2 +, H2S) so as to improve soil pH without using agricultural lime. The results of the study in the tidal rice fields of Sungai Daun Village, Selakau District, East Kalimantan showed that the application of ameliorants such as biochar, chicken manure and dolomite resulted in Milled Dry Grain (MDG) of 5.76, 4.32 and 4.30 t/ha, respectively. Furthermore, the control's (without ameliorant) result was 2.27 t/ha [14].

Yield Gap Analysis
Yield gap analysis was carried out by distinguishing yields into three groups, namely: potential yields in very ideal conditions, experimental results and actual yields of farmers [11]. Other study added another yield criterion: the farmer's potential yield (its position between the farmer's actual yield and the experimental result) [15]. The sum of the yield gaps between the several types results the total yield gap. The determination of the yield group can be carried out in one particular area, it can be a village, sub-district or wider area. The result gap in this study uses unhulled rice which is converted to 83.38% of harvest crop grain. The observation area is limited to Pinang Banjar Village.
The determination of the yield group can be carried out in one particular area, either it is village, sub-district or wider area. The yield gap in this study uses milled dry grain (MDG) which is processed to 83.38% of Harvested Dry Grain (HDG). The observation area was limited in the village of Pinang Banjar. 1. Determination of the actual yield of farmers is obtained from the average yield of farmers in the study area. These resultsare not based on certain varieties but from the actual results obtained by farmers. The actual average productivity is 1,417 t/ha of MDG 2. Rice yield as a result of the assessment in an area can be done through demonstration plots with technological innovations application. The innovations using biodecomposers and dolomite resulted in yield of 3,043 and 2,736 t/ha HDG, respectively. 3. The potential yield of Inpari 42 based on its description under very ideal conditions is 10.58 t/ha HDG.
The yield gap between the actual rice productivity of farmers and the results of the study using innovative technology with the provision of biodecomposers and dolomite was 53.43 and 48.20%, respectively. The gap between the results of the study using a biodecomposer and the potential yield of Inpari 42 is 71.23%, while the gap between the results of the study using dolomite and the potential yield of Inpari 42 is 74.14%. The yield gap between farmers' actual rice productivity and the potential yield of Inpari 42 is 86.60%. Thus, in the dry season in Pinang Village, Banjar District, Kec. Sungai Lilin using innovation technology with the provision of biodecomposers and dolomite can reduce yield gaps by 17.74 and 14.38%, respectively, with the potential productivity of Inpari 42.
Identification of the causes of the yield gap between farmers' actual rice productivity and the results of the study using ameliorant indicates that the factors causing the gap are: 1) the limited capital capacity of farmers in providing inputs, 2) limited skills of farmers in cultivating, 3) untimely availability of production inputs, 4) incorrect use of infrastructure for rice production, especially the type and dosage, 5) pest attacks: rats and birds in the plantation, and 6) Uncertified varieties. The results of the study using ameliorant with the potential yield of these varieties are: 1) activities carried out in the dry season, 2)availability of water, relatively unregulated, 3) differences in agroecosystems, 4) pets, especially rats and birds.

Conclusions
The use of innovative technology with the provision of bio decomposers and dolomite, resulted in the yield of HDG Inpari 42 at the dry season of 2020 at 3,650 and 3,283 kg/ha, respectively, while the farmer method was 1,700 kg/ha (Mekongga and Ciherang). Compared to the farmer's method (without ameliorant), the use of biodecomposers and dolomite provides added value of IDR 9,126,000/ha and IDR 7,408,440/ha, respectively. Innovative technology with the provision of biodecomposers and dolomite can reduce yield gaps by 17.74 and 14.38%, respectively, with the potential yield of Inpari 42.