Solid Waste Management in Island Communities: Case Study in Arjasa District, Kangean Island

Arjasa is one of Districts located in Kangean Island Madura that has been densely populated by more than 86.000 people. However, the solid waste management system fulfilling the Government Regulation (PP) 81/2012 remains a challenge in the area. The local government has been struggling to provide adequate infrastructure due to their limited resources, let alone local communities’ participation in the waste management. Therefore, this study aims to determine a best-practice solid waste management system in the district. The assessment includes technical aspect (SNI 190394-1994), and in-depth survey on organizational concept and social participation. Waste sampling was done in 5 out of 19 villages in the district, i.e., Arjasa, Angon-angon, Kalisanka, Paseraman, and Pabian. The result shows that 35,282 ton/day of waste was generated in Arjasa District. The waste component was consisted of 62.70%, 15.17%, 10.10%, 0.27%, 1.03%, 0.47%, 0.37%, 1.27%, 0.37%, 1.5%, 0.37%, and 6.4% identified as compostable wastes (food wastes and garden wastes), plastics, papers/cardboards, wood, fabrics, cans, glass, rubber, e-waste, diapers, styrofoam, and residues, respectively. Based on its possible reduction and separation/processing method by the communities, the waste collection/transfer and transport system were then designed. The proper organizational structure involving the government and the communities was also determined. * Corresponding author: shabariamr05@gmail.com E3S Web of Conferences 317, 01072 (2021) ICENIS 2021 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202131701072 © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


Introduction
Solid waste management issues are the biggest challenge for a small island in developing countries. Among several issues faced by a small island in developing countries over the years, increasing waste generation is becoming one of the major problems. In addition, the problems of land scarcity, lack of economic resources, and expertise in the field of waste management considerably reduce the waste management potentials in small islands [1]. Arjasa is one of the Districts located in Kangean Island Madura that has an area of 247, 97 km2. Arjasa District consists of 19 villages and has been densely populated by more than 86.000 people [2]. Arjasa District is one of those small islands that currently struggling to provide proper waste management according to Government Regulation (PP) 81/2012. Currently, illegal dumping and burning prevail in Arjasa District communities.
Research in waste management has been conducted on a small island exactly in Pramuka Island. The result of the study reveals that 75% of the communities dumped their waste into the backfill, 15% into the disposal site, 5% into the sea, and 5% recycled their waste. The Pramuka island community argued that the reason for not disposing of the waste at the disposal site was the distance and the facilities not properly provided. The facilities for processing and final disposal of waste available on Pramuka Island are incinerators and landfills, however, incinerators are not used properly. Several waste management programs are suggested for Pramuka islands such as Waste Awareness Program, Waste Sorting Program, and the Collaboration Enhancement program between stakeholders to increase residents' interest in using plastics to become handicrafts [3].
Other research about waste management in the small island was done in Bunaken Island, the characteristic of waste produced in Alung Belua Village are 21% organic waste, 63% inorganic waste, and 10% other waste. The waste produced in Bunaken Village is 50% inorganic waste, 45% organic waste, and 5% other waste. The waste processing facilities provided by the Manado city government for Bunaken Island are plastic chopping machines (Bunaken Village) and composting facilities (Alung Banua Village). However, even though the local municipal government has provided waste processing facilities, the culture of community behavior on Bunaken Island in managing household waste generated is still carried out by burning waste in open spaces or illegal dumping [4].
Waste management is a system consisting of several components aspect, technical operational aspect, the institutional aspect, and the community aspect. These aspects are interrelated and must be considered to create an effective waste management system [5]. Operational technical aspects consist of reduction and handling activities. Waste reduction is carried out by limiting, reusing, and recycling. Waste handling starts from the storage, collection, processing, and disposal of solid waste. Implementation of waste management requires an institution that is responsible for running the waste management. Waste management is not only the responsibility of the government but also the support of the communities is required. If the government considers implementing policies and providing proper waste management facilities to solve the waste problem, it is important to know the communities' desire to participate. Therefore, this study aims to determine a best-practice solid waste management system in Arjasa District, organizational structure involving the government and the communities' willingness to participate was also determined.

Study Area
This study took place in Arjasa District, one of the Districts located in Kangean Island. Kangean is one of the archipelago areas in Sumenep Regency which is located eastern part of Madura Island. Astronomically, Kangean is at coordinated 5º4'39"LU dan 114º36'5"BT. The boundaries of the area are as follows: x North : Boreno Sea The characteristic of the local climate tends to be dry (average rainfall 2000 mm/year). Based on the analysis of the rainfall, it appears that the rainfall climate in the Kagean Island cluster is tropical monsoonal, that is, the rainy or wet season falls from the end of October to March, while the dry season (dry) falls from April and May. During the dry season, the temperature ranges from 31ºC -32ºC. While the rainy season the average temperature is 28ºC. The number of rainy days in Ajasa District is 126 days with a rainfall of 1712 mm. Kangean Island has an area of 648,56 km2 divided into two districts i.e Arjasa District and Kangayan District. Arjasa District has an area of 241,97 km2 or 9,67% of the total area of Sumenep Regency. Arjasa District consists of 19 villages and has population of 86.655 people. For the details, the location of the study can be seen in Figure 1.

Population and Waste Sample
The population of this study is all households from the study area. Based on BPS data 2019 that the population in the study area was 86.655 people. The number of samples used in this study follows the guidelines in SNI 19-3964-1994, based on the calculation results, the number of research samples is 30 households. Then in the sample selection of households selected by stratified random sampling from the group of permanent houses as many as 1 household, semi-permanent houses as many as 24 households, and non-permanent houses as many as 4 households. The determination number of the sample was then followed by the

Research Instrument
To obtain the waste generation and composition data, measurements were carried out following the standards of SNI 19-3964-1994. Sampling was carried out for 4 consecutive days

Existing Condition of Solid Waste Management at Arjasa District
Arjasa District has never implemented a solid waste management system. Population growth and increased human activity further lead to an increase in waste generation, therefore waste management should be done as soon as possible. Arjasa District communities manage the waste they produced daily by making illegal dumping in an unused area, throwing the garbage into drains, disposing of the waste in a coastal area, or burning the trash.  Based on Table 1 waste generation of permanent house is 0,81 kg/person/day or 0,0056 m3/person/day, semi-permanent houses is 0,50 kg/person/day or 0,0037 m3/person/day and non permanent houses is 0,24 kg/person/day or 0,0024 m3/person/day. The difference in the result can be influenced by several factors such as living standards, technology, believes and culture applied waste management regulations, and economic conditions [7]. With this waste generation, data can be an input to calculate the needs of waste management facilities in Arjasa District such as the needs of volume storage, the needs of temporary shelter and recycling area, the need for transportation for collection, and the needs of landfill area. When it comes to the type of processing and transformation process in the recycling area composition data is needed. Besides waste generation, the waste composition is an important parameter in the development of proper waste management strategies. From the waste composition data, the recyclability, combustibility, or biodegradability of the waste streams can be identified and these can be subsequently used for designing and implementing appropriate waste management technologies [8]. The result on Figure 4 shows that the waste component was consisted of 62.70%, 15.17%, 10.10%, 0.27%, 1.03%, 0.47%, 0.37%, 1.27%, 0.37%, 1.5%, 0.37%, and 6.4% identified as compostable wastes (food wastes and garden wastes), plastics, papers/cardboard, wood, fabrics, cans, glass, rubber, e-waste, diapers, styrofoam, and residues, respectively.

Storage of Solid Waste at The Source
Storage of waste at the source is the first essential step of solid waste management. Every household, shop, and establishment generates solid waste on day to day basis. The waste should be normally be stored at the source of waste generation till collected for its disposal.
Based on the sampling waste generation, the sample was categorized on the type of residential buildings such as permanent house, semi-permanent house, and non-permanent house. This categorization can affect the density and volume values of the waste. The volume of waste is determined by dividing the weight of the waste bydensity.
Calculate the waste generation (m3/day): x Using the same equation, the waste volume of the semi-permanent house and the nonpermanent house is 15 L/day and 10 L/day.
After calculating the waste volume produced per day, then calculate the volume of the required trash can. In this study, waste sorting is carried out from the source so that at the time of processing each type of waste can be maximally utilized to reduce the amount of residue wasted in landfills. The waste containers are determined to be two types organic and inorganic waste. Organic waste containers for food and yard waste, while inorganic waste containers consist of all types of waste produced (except organic waste) Calculate the volume storage: x Permanent house V organic = V foodwaste + V yardwaste = 62,7% x (waste volume) = 62,7% x 20 L = 12,54 L V inorganic = V plastick + V paperandcupboard + V kwood + V tin + V textile + V rubber + V glass + V styrofoam + V diapers + V hazardous = 37,3% x (waste volume) = 37,3% x 20 L = 7,46 L Number of 62,7% and 37,3% is the organic and inorganic waste composition.
Collection rate (n) = 1 per day Safety factor (S f ) = 2 Volume of storage = V/n x S f Volume of organic storage = 12,54/1 x 2 = 25 L Volume of inorganic storage = 7,46/0,5 x 2 = 15 L Use the same equation the storage volume for semi permanent house is 20 L and 15 L, non permanent house is 15 L and 10 L.

Collection of Solid Waste
Waste collection is an important functional element of the waste management system. The absence of a proper waste collection system completely disrupts the waste management flow and the waste generators resort to illegal unwanted practices like dumping at forbidden sites and backyard burning of wastes. In many small islands, these practices are prevalent and result in severe ecological and health effects due to the release of toxic emissions during burning and the spread of diseases from illegal dumping [8]. Because in Arjasa District the roads in a residential area are a little bit narrow, the waste collection is designed by use vehicle.
Number of vehicle determined as follow: x Collection schedule; eg: everyday, 3 times per weeks etc x Volume of vehicle container : 2m 3 x Number of ritation

Separation, Processing and Disposal of Solid Waste
Several technologies can be employed for waste management. These range from recycling, composting, thermochemical process, and ultimate disposal in landfills. Considering the high organic nature of wastes in Arjasa District, composting seems to be the most appropriate technology for managing municipal solid waste in Arjasa District. As for the next highest fraction (recyclables), these can be subjected to recycling or waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies.

Conclusion
The rates of waste Arjasa District is 0,81 kg/person/day for permanent house, 0540 kg/person/day for semi-permanent house, and 0,24 kg/person/day for non permanent house. Composition of waste was consisted of 62.70%, 15.17%, 10.10%, 0.27%, 1.03%, 0.47%, 0.37%, 1.27%, 0.37%, 1.5%, 0.37%, and 6.4% identified as compostable wastes (food wastes and garden wastes), plastics, papers/cardboard, wood, fabrics, cans, glass, rubber, e-waste, diapers, styrofoam, and residues, respectively. The waste management system that can be applied in Arjasa District can be started from storage at the source which is divided into types storage, organic waste for food and yard waste, while inorganic waste containers consist of all types of waste produced (except organic waste). Then it was continued with waste collection activities from the source. Waste processing starts with sorting inorganic waste that is suitable for recycling. Organic waste consisting of food and yard waste should be processed into compost using the open windrow composting method. Furthermore, the residue of organic and inorganic waste is processed using thermal technology and then dumped in a mini backfill area.