A Socio-Economic Proposed Theoretical Framework for Responding to The Covid-19 Outbreak

One of the significant impacts of the Covid-19 outbreak was the need for physical distancing. Physical distancing causes changes in the order of human life within a relatively short amount of time. Physical distancing also directly causes various socio-economic problems, especially for small-medium enterprise (SME) businesses. The background of this research is the absence of a theoretical framework related to the socio-economic impacts of the Covid-19 outbreak based on previous quantitative research publications. This research aims to develop a theoretical framework on the socio-economic constructs for response to a Covid-19. This research uses the literature review method. The research publication data used for the literature review comes from the Scopus database until May 1, 2020, with restrictions to only quantitative research publication documents. The publication of quantitative research as research data is only derived from the business subject and uses quantitative data processing tools based on structural equation modelling (SEM) variance and covariance. From the research results, a theoretical framework was developed on the role of socio-economic moderation on the effect of internal resources on organizational performance and the role of socioeconomics as an antecedent of environmental behaviour. The proposed theoretical framework has the potential to be empirically tested in a futurerelated socio-economic response to a Covid-19 outbreak.


Introduction
The COVID-19 outbreak is a tragedy that has been quite shocking and has affected almost all essential aspects of human life on Earth [1]. The socio-economic aspect is one of the most human life and has been impacted by the Covid-19 outbreak [2 -4]. Business and environmental aspects are part of socio-economics [5 -10]. The real impact of the Covid-19 outbreak from the business aspect is the phenomenon of declining financial income, mainly from small-medium enterprises (SME) [11 -14] and potential changes in consumer environmental behaviour [15].
Based on research by [16 -19], a research gap was identified from the database Scopus until May 1, 2020. There has been no theoretical or empirical research on Covid-19, especially in conjunction with the socio-economic side of the SME business. A theoretical framework on socio-economic factors is essential because the basis of empirical testing is mainly quantitative. The theoretical framework developed from the test results could potentially portray the impact of the Covid-19 outbreak on the business aspect. These two phenomena and research gaps trigger the emergence of research questions: "Do socioeconomic effect SME organizational performance?" and "is there any effect of socioeconomic factors on environmental behaviour?"

Literature review
A literature review is a process of gathering documents of scientific articles relevant to the topic and purpose of research. Such scientific articles have been published internationally in reputable sources of literature (journals, proceedings, books) for a specified period (usually an average of at least the past five years). After the document collection process, each document is explicitly screened based on the topic and method according to the research objectives. If there are incomplete documents (not by the topics and methods intended in the research objectives), the documents are not included in the other process. After the initial screening process, international scientific research publication documents were collected in this study depending on the topic and method to be analyzed and criticized. The purpose of analysis and criticism was to identify a research gap. With the discovery of a specific research gap, the importance of theoretical research was identified. The literature review process in this study started from searching for international scientific publications documents from a database of reputable and quality scientific documents (Scopus).
A discussion of four previous research documents successfully discovered and downloaded related to the search for documents in the Scopus database until May 1, 2020 with keywords: "Socio-economic" AND "Covid-19" can be seen in the Table 1 below: Table 1. Previous research publications from Scopus with keywords "socio-economic" AND "Covid-19."

No
Article source Findings related to "socio-economic"

[16]
The impact of social distancing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also affects socio-economic related to mass religious activities such as the Umrah.
2 [17] The narrative impacts of the socio-economic on Covid-19 sufferers in France.

[18]
The socio-economic restriction is one of the mitigation measures globally carried out by various countries to minimize risks due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Forms of socio-economic restrictions include the closure of places where there is the potential for the emergence of a mass crowd, such as schools/campuses, recreational areas and sports..

[19]
The Covid-19 outbreak is thought to have originated from a bat which caused the initial spread from an animal to humans and the continuation from humans to Humans. Prevention of the Covid-19 virus outbreak spread in terms of wildlife conservations.
Source: obtained from Scopus database However, there is still an absence of research that builds a theoretical framework related to the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic from the SME business perspective. A theoretical framework is essential because the theoretical framework shows the effect of socio-economic concepts (as antecedents, mediators, moderators or consequents). A theoretical framework is also crucial because it is a foundation for research to be tested empirically. The result of theoretical framework testing is an empirical result finding. The finding from the empirical result is important because it gives scientific proof for the theoretical and practical contribution of research. Developing a theoretical framework requires prior empirical research, which is usually obtained from quantitative research because it clearly shows cause and effect [20,21]. From thirty-eight documents search results in the Scopus database with keywords: "socio-economic" AND "partial least square" OR "Structural equation modelling" OR "SEM" OR "PLS" and limited (limit) based on four criteria, namely: published documents on the Scopus database between 2016-2020; subject area of business; source documents from journals and English language, so there are only four documents left. These four documents make socio-economic a construct within a theoretical framework and are empirically tested quantitatively using SEM. A discussion of the four previous research documents can be seen in Table 2 below: Table 2. Previous research publications from Scopus with keywords "socio-economic" AND "partial least square" OR "structural equation modeling" OR "SEM" OR "PLS." It is still possible to be re-tested for different contexts, countries and methodologies for the role of socio-economic moderation on the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on financial performance and social performance; business planning on financial performance and social salience on financial performance 2 [22] It is still possible to be re-tested for different contexts, countries and methodologies about the direct influence of socio-economic on environmental behavior 3 [23] -4 [24] -Source: obtained from Scopus database

Methods
This research is a theoretical paper [25] or conceptual paper. The data collected in this study is from research articles published and shared via the Scopus database. The Scopus database is one of the reputable publication indexes for scientific research publications [26]. A literature review methodology is used in the study. Documents were searched from the Scopus database on May 1, 2020; the database was accessed through a campus account. The keywords: "socio-economic" AND "Covid-19" were used to search for documents, and only five were found.
Four documents could be downloaded from the five documents obtained using the keyword "socio-economic" AND "Covid-19". These four documents are research journal articles from [16 -19]. Furthermore, to be more specific searched keywords: "socioeconomic" AND "partial least square" OR "Structural equation modelling" OR "SEM" OR "PLS" and limited (limit) based on four criteria, namely: documents published in the Scopus database year between 2016 and 2020; subject area of business; source documents from journals and English language and founded 38 documents.
A basic search with the second group of keywords was conducted for various reasons: (1) there is no theoretical research that uses a quantitative research approach to examine socio-economic constructs following the occurrence of the Covid-19 pandemic. Theoretical research becomes the basis of empirical research on the socio-economic construct, especially in the business field. (2) To realize empirical research, especially quantitative research related to the socio-economic construct in the business field, the data obtained after the pandemic COVID-19 first needed to be developed into a theoretical framework.
(3) Quantitative research tends to be more comfortable, cheaper and faster to do concerning data collection than quantitative research, especially in the post-pandemic COVID-19 period using various online survey media. (4) The limitation of using the SEM method and PLS was that research publications that use SEM or PLS have a clear theoretical framework that simplifies and accelerates the process of preparing a new proposed theoretical framework. Also, PLS is SEM variance that has been used in many international and reputable research publications as a quantitative research tool to process data [27 -31].

Results
This research produced the following theoretical framework proposal based on the observed research gap (Fig. 1): This theoretical framework proposal contains several propositions, six of which include: x Proposition 1: The role of socio-economic moderation on the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on financial performance.
x Proposition 2: The role of socio-economic moderation on the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on social performance.  Proposition 1-5 is based on RBV theory and supported by prior research publication conducted by [20,21]. Proposition 6 is based on planned behaviour theory and supported by prior research publication [22]. Proposition 7 is based on the RBV theory and supported by prior research publication conducted by [32].
The COVID-19 outbreak can cause a decrease in the financial and social performance of SMEs, and efforts should be made to improve it. The COVID-19 outbreak also causes human attention to shift to health and the environment, which opens up opportunities for improving environmental behaviour [4]. The role of socio-economic constructs in the proposed theoretical framework is as a moderator and an antecedent. This proposed theoretical model originality combines two theories, namely, RBV and planned behaviour theories. The proposed theoretical model also includes the direct effect of socioeconomic factors on financial performance. Karadag [32] states that (1) there is a direct relationship between some socio-economic indicators and financial performance. (2) There is a significant effect of SME owners' level of education and the SME's size on financial performance. (3) There is no significant effect of differences in the types of SME industries on financial performance. So, the direct socio-economic effect could be added as a proposition in the proposed theoretical framework. The socio-economic construct modifies the relationship between resources and performance and as an antecedent for environmental behaviour.

Discussion
A theoretical framework is helpful for the hypothesis testing process in future empirical research. In the proposed theoretical framework, two constructs exhibit differences in methodology based on prior research publications, namely the unit of analysis. Propositions 1-5 based on research Cheah et al. [20,21] and proposition seven based on Karadag [32] use organizational analysis units. In the unit analysis of the organization, the object of research is the organization. Usually, the respondents representing the organization are leaders or members of the organization. They are deemed worthy of representing the organization and understanding the constructs in the proposed theoretical framework or using multiple respondents [33,34]. While Proposition 6 is based on Widhiastuti et al. [22] research, it uses individual unit analysis (consumers) because it examines behaviour in the context of awareness of the concept of environmental friendliness. Proposition 6 later, if tested empirically in future studies, the unit of analysis may turn into an organization. So, proposition 6 examines the direct effect of socioeconomic constructs on organizational environmental behaviour. Organizational environmental behaviour can be measured based on the use of natural energy, waste management (solid and liquid); air pollution management; aesthetic impact; the impact of contamination on the ground; and other environmental risks [35]. So, the proposed theoretical framework ontology explains the role of socio-economic constructs in business organisations' performance and environmental behaviour, especially SMEs.
About the Covid-19 outbreak, it is suggested that SMEs can improve organizational performance and environmental behaviour. Some positive impacts of the Covid-19 outbreak on the environment include increasing air quality due to massive lockdowns at almost the same time in various places globally. One of them reduces carbon emission levels [36 -44]. This positive impact can be helpful to provide more concrete evidence that it turns out if, under forced conditions, improvement of environmental quality is possible. The covid-19 outbreak resulted in developing a new habit referred to as the "new normal" [45]. With this new normal, the potential for encouragement to pay more attention to organizational environmental behaviour for the business sector has been increased, especially for SMEs. This can happen by utilizing the momentum of objective evidence of the positive impact of Covid-19 on the environment, one of which is in terms of improved air quality. Quantitative research based on theoretical frameworks on socio-economic impacts on environmental behaviour in SMEs is still very interesting researched and is expected to contribute both theoretically and practically, primarily about the Covid-19 outbreak.

Conclusion
This research theoretically discovers a proposed theoretical framework related to the socio-economic construct from a business perspective. The proposed theoretical framework consists of several constructs: entrepreneurial orientation, business planning, social salience, socio-economic, environmental behaviour, financial performance, and social performance. The socio-economic construct plays two roles as a moderator in the effect of internal resources on organizational performance and as an antecedent to environmental behaviour and financial performance. This research is a theoretical paper that generates a proposed theoretical framework. Theoretically, this research contributes to (1) RBV theory [46,47]; the socio-economic concept contributes theoretically as a moderator in RBV theory. (2) The socio-economic concept becomes an antecedent of environmental behaviour that contributes to the theory of planned behaviour [48].
This study has a limitation in that only the Scopus database was considered the basis for the literature review. This opens up the opportunity for future research agendas to carry out similar studies using other databases such as the Web of Science. This research takes the form of a theoretical paper to open up opportunities for empirical testing in the future related to increased organizational performance and environmental behaviour for SMEs.