Implication of Social Restrictions on Covid-19 Pandemic Towards Dengue Control: Literature Review

The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was first discovered in Wuhan, China, and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. In dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, various countries have implemented social restrictions on their citizens. Social limits due to the COVID-19 pandemic have caused different life effects that have never occurred. This phenomenon will affect the transmission of existing diseases such as dengue fever. This study aims to determine the impact of social restrictions on dengue transmission and indicators of dengue. This research method is a systematic literature review, is a literature review by synthesizing 294 selected 12 articles from the Pubmed.gov database. The literature shows that social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic hurt the supervision and control of dengue. The increase in the dengue indicator, namely the density of mosquitoes, increased due to the termination of the control program. Human movement is a critical behavioural factor in many vectorborne disease systems because it affects vector exposure and pathogen transmission. The aspect of community mobility also reduces dengue cases during social distancing due to COVID-19.


Introduction
The 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID- 19) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020([1].)Most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 did not show symptoms or exhibit non-specific flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, fatigue, and dry cough( [2].) COVID-19 can be transmitted mainly through contact; transmission occurs through droplets from the nose or mouth of a person with COVID-19 while breathing or coughing ( [3].)The transmission of COVID-19 is very fast until April 10, 2021. The cases of COVID-19 worldwide reached 134 million, with the number of deaths reaching 2.9 million ([4].) Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries in the world must implement social restrictions by limiting the mobility of citizens and social distancing [5]. Social restrictions can demonstrate success in containing the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak and flattening the curve in many countries [6], [7].Different countries take different approaches to social distancing with varying limitations, compliance, target populations, and duration of social restrictions [8].Social restriction refers to the deliberate reduction of close person-to-person contacts, such as closing schools and workplaces. These measures help stem the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) but hurt social structures and public health ( [9].) Dengue fever is an endemic disease caused by arbovirus continuously in several tropical areas around the world. [10] In the world, an estimated 390 million cases of dengue fever [11].The disease is affected by rainfall, temperature, and urbanization. Demographic and social changes such as population growth and modern transportation have significantly contributed to the increased incidence and geographic spread of dengue fever activity [12].Population density, vector distribution, and the dengue virus can affect the potential for dengue transmission. Biotic, abiotic, and social environmental factors become complex in the prevention of DHF. Breaking the life cycle of mosquito vectors using biological, physical, and chemical approaches focuses on preventing and preventing DHF [13].The density of vectors includes house index (HI), container index (CI), breteau index (BI), which are indicators of vector presence in water containers inside or outside the house [14].
Vector Vector control remains the primary method in preventing dengue disease. Some efforts are made through environmental intervention, chemical control using insecticides and larvicides, and biological control. Vector control strategy, which aims to reduce the reproduction and reproduction of Aedes sp. mosquitoes through environmental intervention, is also essential. The method is emptying the water container, cleaning the breeding grounds for Aedes sp., shutting down water, and implementing promotion and community empowerment [15]. Environmental intervention is a sustainable and safe method because the risk of contamination and environmental toxicity is limited. Dengue control is becoming more challenging due to urbanization, population growth, increased international travel, and the lack of vector control programs in dengue-endemic countries [16].
The COVID-19 pandemic adds to the health burden for countries still dealing with endemic dengue fever [17].The purpose of writing this literature review is to systematically review the implications of social restrictions for the COVID-19 pandemic on DHF control.

Methods
The writing of this review follows the guidelines for a systematic review as stated in PRISMA [18].This writing is a literature review using secondary studies from various journals indexed by Pubmed.gov. This research was conducted in March and April 2021. Articles included through an update of the initial searches until 01.05.21 are presented in the discussion section.
A range of search terms was used in combinations to identify all relevant studies. The search terms included (a) disease-specific terms: COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Dengue, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, DHF, and DF, (b) vector-specific terms: Aedes, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Ae. Egypt, and Ae. albopictus, and (c) implication specific terms: Social Discanting, pandemic movement control, MCO, Large-scale Social Restrictions, PSBB, Lockdown, quarantine measures, Isolation, quarantine, and community containment. Screened by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to refine the study, then the manuscripts of the remaining articles were screened together for inclusion in the review. Twelve articles were used as references for literature review using synthesis narrative techniques as can be seen in Figure 1.
The The article inclusions used: (i) In the Pubmed.gov database, (ii) Publication year 2020-2021, (iii) Has the theme of COVID-19 research, (iv) Has a relationship with dengue vector control. The article exclusion criteria used were not published in Pubmed but had the theme COVID-19 and DHF control.
Social distancing and increased time spent in residence can lead to a higher incidence of vector-borne disease. The adoption of social distancing policies may result in under-reported dengue cases as individuals may be less willing to leave home and seek professional medical care. Inadequate reporting could also result from the additional burden of COVID-19 on the health system, which reduces the number of non-COVID-19 patients seeking treatment.

Thailand ([29])
12 Juan P, et al Syndemic is a meeting of two or more diseases at the same time and space. In Mexico, the dengue fever epidemic is active and predominates in the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico regions; meanwhile, the COVID-19 epidemic affects the same areas as dengue fever. Given that this disease has many clinical manifestations in areas endemic to tropical diseases, it is crucial to carefully evaluate patients who consult for fever in order to establish the correct diagnosis at the right time. Laboratory tests are required to make the appropriate measurements for each patient. In Mexico, the risk of COVID-19 and dengue fever syndrome is high, which can cause the health system to collapse. The southeastern states and those bordering the Pacific deserve special attention because they present geographic, environmental, and climatic conditions that support the rapid spread of dengue and COVID-19. The simultaneous infection will worsen the epidemiological situation, complicating the diagnosis, control,

Discussion
In times of social restrictions, everyone is required to stay at home. Dengue fever transmission in and around the home is considered the driving factor for the dengue fever outbreak. Mobilization of people on a local scale, allocating different amounts of time to locations regularly. affect the individual risk of dengue virus infection( [31].)This consistent increase in the growth rate of DHF, in addition to a significant increase in the cumulative number of infected cases in the lockdown scenario. This drastic impact results from this increase in the likelihood that infected mosquitoes will bite large numbers of humans due to increased local population density and reduced human mobility from the lockdown( [32].)Cases of dengue fever are more severe than chikungunya under any circumstances, even though they share the same vector, Aedes aegypti( [32].

)
The results showed that social restrictions were associated with an increase in DHF cases reported in Singapore. One of the main avenues that could explain this result is the increase in time spent at home addresses due to social distancing policies and the tendency for dengue infection to occur at home rather than at office addresses in Singapore [24].Although workplace infections may surface, it was found that, in many areas, the place of residence is the most common site of vector-borne disease infection rather than the workplace. The concentration of vector breeding sites in the vicinity of residential areas further increases the risk of transmission in these sites compared to workplaces. Due to the shift in working patterns into homes with naturally ventilated spaces, which do not protect during biting periods during the day, these pathways are driven by social distancing policies that collectively incorporate risk factors for dengue fever transmission( [33].) However, different things in Malaysia do not significantly affect dengue transmission due to social restrictions. [34])country-to-country comparisons in the impact of social distancing policies on reported dengue fever problems due to comparisons in workplace structures, increased risk of arbovirus transmission from social distance primarily through increased vector exposure in increased time spent in residence. Demonstrating the need to control positional influence on the risk of dengue fever transmission in new population mix-ups such as those contained in social distancing policies( [29].) The effectiveness of restrictive policies as a public health intervention to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 disease is known to reduce human contact by increasing time spent in residence. The increased time spent in residence during the day and their exposure to vectors could also influence patterns of vector-borne disease transmission -but in the opposite direction. Increasing the time spent at a site increases the risk of vector-borne disease transmission despite vector density -suggesting that house-to-house movement of humans underlies the spatial pattern of DENV incidence, leading to striking heterogeneity in transmission rates. At the collective level, transmission appears to be shaped by social connections because routine movements between the same places, such as the homes of family and friends, are often similar for infected individuals and their contacts. Thus, the normal movement of humans from house to house does indeed play a vital role in the spread of these vector-borne pathogens on subtle spatial scales. These findings have important implications for preventing dengue fever, challenging the appropriateness of current vector control approaches. We argue that reexamining the existing paradigm regarding the spatial dynamics of DENV and other vector-borne pathogens, particularly the and treatment of both diseases.

Conclusion
The implications of social restrictions on DHF control in the COVID-19 pandemic harm the supervision and control of DHF. The increase in the DHF indicator, namely the density of mosquitoes, increased due to the termination of the control program. Human movement is a critical behavioural factor in many vector-borne disease systems because it affects vector exposure and pathogen transmission. The factor of community mobility has also shown an effect on reducing dengue cases during social restrictions due to COVID-19.