Productivity of New Indonesian Vocabulary in the Pandemic Time of Covid-19

The phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic has caused many problems, starting from the health, economic, and socio-cultural field. However, in the field of language, the outbreak of Covid-19 has actually increased the productivity of the new Indonesian vocabulary. The rapid and massive development of Covid-19 to many countries has made the public and the government panic. Covid-19 has become the central topic of mass media coverage and various new terms/vocabularies are widely used. This study aims to describe the productivity of Indonesian's new vocabulary during the Covid-19 pandemic, its category classification, frequency of use, and the factors that cause its emergence. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Data collection was done by observation method with note-taking technique. Data analysis used the intralingual equivalent method. The results showed that the productivity of new vocabulary during the Covid-19 pandemic was in the form of basic words, affixed words, abbreviations/acronyms, compound words, and phrases. Based on the category, the new vocabulary is in the form of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns. Based on the frequency of use, the most consecutive are nominal phrases, verbal phrases, and adjective phrases. The factors causing the emergence of Indonesian's new vocabulary were extraordinary events related to the outbreak of Covid-19, the influence of foreign languages, and community creativity.


INTRODUCTION
Use the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has indeed raised many problems, both in the health, economic, social, religious, cultural, defence and security fields or other fields. However, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, on the other hand, has increased public awareness in maintaining health and triggered the emergence of the use of words in Indonesian that are productively thrown up by the public.
The pandemic has triggered the development of new vocabulary that contains new concepts or new meanings. New vocabulary can be in the form of discovery lexical grain new; or is lexical innovation (Crystal, 1980). Semantic, lexical, and derivational features of This research was conducted qualitatively with the descriptive analysis method. The method of data collection used the method of listening to the technique of note-taking. Data sources are divided into two, namely primary and secondary data sources. The primary data sources were taken from the fourth version of the Covid-19 Prevention and Control Guidelines, 27 March 2020, issued by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2020, news, and articles from printed, electronic and online newspapers related to the Covid-19 pandemic, and other secondary sources.
After all the data was collected, the researchers analyzed the data in new vocabulary and terms related to the Covid-19 pandemic. The data analysis method used is the intralingual and extra lingual equivalent methods. The intralingual equivalent method uses the basic technique of lingual comparison, connecting and comparing by equating and differentiating lingual forms, such as primary forms borrowed from other languages, affixed words, compound words, abbreviations and acronyms, and phrases. The different lingual equivalent method was used to analyze the semantic aspect.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The forms of new Indonesian vocabulary has been used during the Covid-19 Pandemic Since the beginning of the development of the Covid-19 pandemic, many new terms have emerged, both foreign terms and creative terms made by the community. These terms were made to reflect on a new phenomenon or invite other people to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19. These terms appear in loan words, basic words, affixed words, compound words, abbreviations, acronyms, and phrases. These terms are new Indonesian vocabulary for the public during the Covid-19 pandemic. They are easily found in online, print, electronic media, or slogans, posters, banners posted by the public in each region. The following are various forms of neologic variations found during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Original or loan / loan word productivity
Neologism in the form of the original word was not found in Indonesian during the Covid-19 pandemic because the words that appeared were foreign words, most of which came from English. The words found are loanwords from foreign languages, then adapted into new vocabulary used in society. This form of variation can be divided into two groups.

Basic Form
The basic vocabulary here is in the form of monomorphemic words that have not undergone a morphological process. Some examples of terms in the basic form that often appear are a. Corona According to the United States agency, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Coronaname comes from Latin, which means crown. Corona has a shape like a crown that has thorns. Word Corona has been absorbed into the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) 'Big Indonesian Dictionary' to become 'korona'. This absorption occurs by changing the letter 'c' to 'k'. The meaning of the corona in KBBI is a crown-like structure. These meanings both refer to the shape of the crown. Even though it has been absorbed into the Indonesian language, all media still write corona in the news. Word Corona is a basic form because it has not undergone a morphological process, affixation, reduplication, or composition. Droplet comes from English which means tiny droplets. The small droplets in question are droplets of mucus and saliva, which are the medium for transmitting the virus corona. Word droplet has not been found in the KBBI because it has not been absorbed into the Indonesian language, so all media use the word droplet in writing the news. Droplet is a new term for Indonesian and only appeared during the Covid-19 pandemic. Word droplet is a basic form because it does not undergo a morphological process. An example of usage in Indonesian is "Media penyebaran Covid-19 salah satunya melalui droplet."'One of the media for the spread of Covid-19 is through droplet.' c. Suspect The suspect comes from English which means 'suspect'. The suspect in question is a person whose body has a virus corona. The word KBBI has not been found suspect because this is a new term that appeared during the Covid-19 pandemic and has not been absorbed into Indonesian. Several media write it with the word 'suspek' by imitating the adaptation characteristics of word writing in Indonesian in general. Word suspect is a basic form because it has not undergone a morphological process. An example of its use in Indonesian is"Beberapa orang dinyatakan suspect Covis-19 setelah melakukan rapid test."'Several people stated suspect Covis-19 after doing a rapid test.' d. Antiseptik The term antiseptik comes from English which has been adapted and absorbed into Indonesian antiseptik. In KBBI, the word antiseptik has a meaning that prevents decay and decay by inhibiting or damaging microorganisms. This absorption occurs when the letter 'c' becomes 'k'. Antiseptik refers to a chemical mixed with a liquid or other solid (such as soap) to kill germs and bacteria in the body. Word antiseptik includes the basic form because it does not undergo a morphological process. e. Disinfektan Disinfektan derived from English which has been absorbed into Indonesian to become a 'disinfektan'. This absorption occurs with the change in the letter 'c' to 'k' and the removal of the letter 't' at the end of the word. In KBBI, disinfektan means a chemical used to prevent infection or contamination by microorganisms (drugs to eradicate germs). Disinfectants are generally used for germs on the surface of objects. Disinfektan word is a basic form because it does not undergo a morphological process. Examples of its use in Indonesian are as follows. "Untuk mencegah penyebaran Covid-19, pemerintah kota melakukan penyemprotan disinfektan pada fasilitas-fasilitas umum." 'To prevent the spread of Covid-19, the city government has sprayed disinfectants at public facilities.'

Derivative Form
The derivative form is a word-formation that has undergone affixation resulting in a change in word class from its basic form. Some of the forms of derivatives that often appear are the following. a. Indicated The Word terindikasi (indicated) comes from the basic form indicate who experience the affixation process in the form of a prefix ter + indikasi. The absorption is done by changing the 'tion' becomes 'si'. As an introductory word, indikasi includes the noun class, which turns into a verb after getting the affix 'ter-', namely terindikasi. The meaning of indikasi is 'indication', while terindikasi is 'has been indicated'. Word terindikasi including derivative word formation because it has undergone an affixation process, and there is a change in word-class afterwards. An example of its use in Indonesian is as follow. "Masyarakat yang terindikasi terpapar Covid-19 diharuskan melakukan karantina mandiri." 'People who are indicated to have been exposed to Covid-19 are required to carry out self-quarantine.' b. Masked Word bermasker (masked) comes from the basic form face masker, who experience the affixation process in the form of a prefix ber + masker. Masker is a loan word from English, namely face mask. The absorption process does not change shape; the shape is precisely the same without changing or deleting letters. Face masker, including the noun class, then turns into a verb after getting the affix ber, namely bermasker. The meaning of a masker is the cloth covering the nose and mouth, while wearing a mask is wearing a mask. The word bermasker is derivative because it undergoes an affixation process and changes in word-class afterwards. An example of its use in Indonesian is as follow. "Setiap masyarakat diwajibkan bermasker untuk memutus penyebaran Covid-19." 'Every community is required to have a mask to stop the spread of Covid-19.' c. Infected Terinfeksi 'infected' Terinfeksi 'infected' formed from the root infeksi , which undergoes the affixation process with the addition of the prefix ter,thus becoming terinfeksi. Infeksi is a loan word from English, namely infection. The absorption is done by changing the tion besi. Infeksi is included in the noun class, which becomes a verb because there is the suffix ' ter-'. The meaning of infeksi is the transmission of disease or the entry of disease germs, while terinfeksi is infected. Terinfeksi word is a derivative word because it undergoes an affixation process, and there is a change in word-class after it. d. Confirmed Terkonfirmasi undergoing affixation process in the form of prefixes ter +konfirmasi. Konfirmasi is a loan word from English, namely confirmation. The absorption is done by changing the 'tion' becomes'-si'. Konfirmasi includes nouns that then become verbs after getting the suffix 'ter-'. Konfirmasi means 'affirmation or justification', whereas terkonfirmasi 'confirmed' is confirmed (already confirmed/confirmed). Terkonfirmasi word is a derivative word because it has undergone an affixation process and there is a change in word class after it. e. Isolated The word of diisolasi undergoes an affixation process in the form of a prefix di-+ isolasi. Isolasi is a loanword from English, namely isolation. The absorption is done by changing the'-tion' be '-si'. In Indonesian, isolasi includes nouns that then become verbs after getting the suffix 'di-'. The meaning of isolasi is an act of separating patients who have a derivative word because it has undergone an affixation process, and there is a change in word-class after it.

Compound Words
Compound A compound word is a word-formation that is produced through the process of combining two or more lexemes to produce a new word. The two lexemes that are put together or combined will form a new meaning (Bauer, 2003). Every compound word combines two or more lexemes, one of which is the core head. According to Plag (2018), the core is the most important element in the complex structure.
In Indonesian, the core elements of compound words are generally found on the left side, for example, meja makan 'dining table' and duta besar 'ambassador'. In contrast, the core elements of compound words in English are generally on the right, although sometimes they are on the left, as in the compound words coffee table and brother in law illustrated below.
Based on the core categories, compound words that often appear during the Covid-19 pandemic can be grouped into two, namely nouns and verbs.

Noun Category Compound Words
A noun compound is a compound word whose main element is a noun. Nouns are categories of words that express objects or things that are objectified. Generally, nouns function as subject, object, or complement in a sentence. Here are some examples of compound words that appear and are categorized as nouns. a. virus Corona Virus Corona is a loan compound word from English, namely Coronavirus. Virus Corona is a compound word consisting of virus + Corona. The meaning of virus is a microorganism that cannot be seen using an ordinary microscope. Corona is a crown, so when combined, it has a new meaning, namely the type of microorganism that attacks humans in the respiratory apparatus. Virus Corona is a compound word categorized as a noun because it has a noun core and functions as a subject or object/complement in a clause or sentence. b. baju hazmat 'hazmat suit' Baju hazma t'hazmat suit' is a compound word consisting of baju + hazmat. The meaning of clothes is clothing covering the body, while hazmat is an acronym for hazardous materials , which means hazardous material. So, when combined, baju hazmat 'hazmat suit' has a new meaning, namely clothing used to protect oneself from hazardous materials. Hazmat clothes are personal protective equipment that is usually used by medical personnel to treat Corona patients. Hazmat suit is a compound word categorized as a noun because it has a noun core suit. The acronym hazmat has not been included in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI). c. hand sanitizer Hand sanitiser is a compound word consisting of hand + sanitiser borrowed from English. The meaning of hand is the hand. Meanwhile, a sanitiser is a cleaner. After joining to form a compound word, hand sanitiser means a liquid used to kill germs or bacteria attached to the hands.

Verbs Category Compound Words
A compound word with a verb category is a compound word with a verb core. A verb is a category of words that express actions, processes, or circumstances that are not properties. Verbs generally function as predicates in a sentence. Here are some examples of compound words categorized as verbs. a. lockdown Lockdown is a compound word that is the result of a combination of the words lock and down. The lock has a key meaning, while down means to fall. The new meaning formed after the two words combine to form a compound word is 'quarantine in a certain area'. Lockdown is a compound word categorized as a verb because it has a verb core lock. b. rapid test A rapid test is a compound word resulting from a combination of the words rapid and test. Meaning rapid is fast, whereas test is a test. After combining into a compound word to form a new meaning, namely 'a test carried out by taking a blood sample'. A rapid test is a compound word categorized as a verb because it contains a verb rapid. c. swab test As a compound word rapid test, the swab test is formed from the word swab and test. The meaning of swab is mopping or wiping. Meanwhile, test is a test. After merging to form a new meaning, namely 'a test carried out by taking a sample of mucus from the nose using an instrument'. Swab test including a compound verb because the core is a verb category, namely swab.

Word Shortening
Word shortening can be classified into abbreviations and acronyms. Abbreviations are different from acronyms. The abbreviation is the shortening of words in the form of letters or a combination of letters, while acronyms are the shortening of words in a combination of letters and/or syllables pronounced as a word.

Abbreviations
The abbreviation is a shortening of words in the form of letters or a combination of letters usually taken based on the first letter of the word. Abbreviations can be one or more letters. During this pandemic, the government produced quite a few abbreviations in dealing with the spread of the Coronavirus. Here are a few examples. a. APD APD stands for Alat Pelindung Diri 'Personal Protective Equipment'. This tool is used to protect yourself from hazardous materials, one of which is the Coronavirus. This abbreviation is taken from the letter that is in front of each word, namely A= Alat, 'equipment", P= Pelindung 'protect', and D= Diri 'self'. This abbreviation was formed to make it easier for anyone to communicate and remember new terms, although it is often confusing in reality. This is evidenced by the many complaints from the public related to the many abbreviations made by the government to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic. b. OTG OTG stands for Orang Tanpa Gejala 'People Without Symptoms'. This OTG refers to people infected with the virus Corona, but the person does not show any symptoms. This abbreviation is taken from the first letter of each abbreviated word, namely OTG symptom. This abbreviation was formed to make it easier for anyone to remember and communicate. c. PSBB PSBB stands for Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar 'Large-Scale Social Restrictions'. PSBB refers to the rules applied by the Indonesian government to reduce the risk of virus transmission Corona by limiting all activities outside the home. This abbreviation is taken from the first letter of each word, namely P = Pembatasan, S = Sosial, B = Berskala, dan B = Besar. The use of this abbreviation is essentially a substitute for implementing the Indonesian government's version of the lockdown in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. The Indonesian government tends to avoid using the term 'lockdown 'regional quarantine' because this term is in the Territory Quarantine Act. The use of this term has the consequence that the government must ensure all the needs of the quarantined population (locked down). That is why the Indonesian government uses the term PSBB instead of Regional Quarantine (lockdown) to avoid its obligation to meet all the needs of the quarantined population. c. WFH WFH stands for Work from Home. This abbreviation refers to a new culture of working from home with an online system. This abbreviation is taken from the first letter of each word, namely W= Work, F= from, H= Home. This abbreviation has been translated into Indonesian, namely Bekerja dari Rumah. However, the abbreviation WFH is used more often than the translated term.

Acronyms
An acronym is a shortening of words in a combination of letters or syllables, usually based on the vocabulary already popular in everyday use. Acronyms are often formed based on the creativity of the wearer. a. fasyankes 'health facilities' Fasyankes is an acronym for fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan 'health service facilities'. Other names for health care facilities are hospitals, clinics, and health centres. Fasyankes is taken from the front, middle, front syllables. This acronym does not yet exist in the KBBI. b. satgas 'task force' Satgas is an acronym for satuan tugas 'the task force'. A task force is a unit formed to carry out a certain task. During this pandemic, the task force was assigned to deal with Covid-19. The task force is taken from the first syllable in the first word and the last syllable in the second word. c. Covid-19 Covid-19 is an acronym for coronavirus disease. Covid-19 is usually known as Corona, which is a dangerous virus that attacks the human respiratory system. Acronym Covid-19 formed from a combination of prepositional syllables, namely co-rona vi-rus d-isease. This acronym does not yet exist in the KBBI. In this case, I also found many terms in the form of phrases. Phrases are language units above words but under clauses/sentences. Phrases are non-predictive constructions formed by two or more words. Phrases, in this case, can be divided into two groups, namely nominal phrases and verbal phrases.

Nominal Phrases
Nominal phrases are phrases that have a noun core. In sentences, nominal phrases generally function as Subject, Object, or Complement. Here are some examples of phrases that have emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic. a. imunitas diri 'self-immunity' Imunitas diri 'self-immunity' comes from a combination of two words, namely imunitas and diri. Imunitas diri 'self-immunity' means immunity that is owned by oneself. This phrase often appears in the government's call for people to increase their immunity by exercising, sunbathing in the morning, eating, and drinking nutritious foods plus vitamins. The phrase includes a nominal phrase formed from the noun imunitasas core and diri as modifiers. b. alat pelindung diri 'personal protective equipment' Alat pelindung diri phrase comes from a combination of three words: alat 'equipment', pelindung 'protector', and diri 'self'. Personal protective equipment is a tool used to protect yourself from a dangerous disease, namely Corona. At the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of terms in phrases was massive and frequent because of the frequent scarcity of these tools. The medical team needs this tool in carrying out their daily tasks. c. Alat Pemindai Suhu Tubuh 'Body Temperature Scanner' Alat pemindai suhu tubuh phrase comes from a combination of four words, namely alat ' tool' + pemindai 'scanner' + suhu 'temperature' + tubuh 'body'. During the Covid-19 pandemic, this tool often refers to a body temperature scanner in the form of a gun, so it is called a thermo-gun. This phrase is included in the nominal phrase category because the core of this phrase is the noun.

Verbal Phrases
A verbal phrase is a phrase that has a verb core. In a sentence, this verbal phrase generally functions as a predicate. Here are a few examples: a. jaga jarak Jaga jarak phrase is a translation of the phrase social distancing.jaga jarak phrase formed from the combination of two words, namely jaga and jarak. This phrase often arises because it is an appeal from the government for disciplined people to keep a distance from other people at least one meter to reduce the spread of the Corona virus. This phrase belongs to the category of verbal phrases because it has a verb core jaga as core and jarak as a modifier. b. cuci tangan Cuci tangan phrase formed from a combination of two words, namely the word cuci and tangan. This phrase is often used because it is part of government regulations so that people often wash their hands to reduce the risk of transmitting the Coronavirus. This phrase belongs to the category of verbal phrases because the verb cuci forms it as the core while the word tangan is the modifier. c. work from home Work from Work from home is often abbreviated as WFH. This phrase formed from a combination of words, namely work + from + home. Work from home is a rule for workers and students to work and study with an online system. However, there is already an equivalent in Indonesian, namely 'Bekerja dari Rumah', the term work from home still used more often. This phrase belongs to the verb category because it is formed by the verb work as the core while the other words as a modifier.
New vocabulary in basic form, compound words, abbreviations, acronyms, and phrases , as some examples above, are pretty widely used to report cases of the Covid-19 pandemic. The new vocabulary used to inform the problems related to Covid-19 was initially mostly in English. This is because the case of the Covid-19 pandemic has spread in many other countries and has become a global case, not only experienced by Indonesia.
However, the use of English as a new term must be reduced and the equivalent words found in Indonesian so that the flow of information related to the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic from the government can be well understood by all levels of society. Replacing new terms in foreign languages with new terms in Indonesian can reduce the negative impact of public misunderstanding in receiving information related to the Covid-19 pandemic.

New Concepts or New Meanings of New Vocabularies
Symptoms of the Symptoms of the development of new vocabulary from the semantic side can bring up new concepts, new meanings, or old meanings. The case of changing meaning with a new concept during the Covid-19 pandemic that had received widespread attention from the public was the emergence of the use of the word mudik 'going home' and pulang kampung 'back to hometown' by President Jokowi related to the ban on mudik during the 2020 Eid al-Fitr holiday due to the outbreak of Covid-19, while pulang kampung allowed.
When viewed from the meaning contained in the KBBI, the terms mudik and pulang kampung have the same meaning. Mudik is to return home. This has the same meaning as the term pulang kampung. However, according to President Jokowi, the two terms have different meanings. Going home and going home are two terms with different meanings when viewed from a cultural point of view. Term mudik intended for people who want to go home during Eid, while pulang kampung is intended for people who return home from time to time because they are working in a certain area far from home. The similarities and differences between mudik and pulang kampung were debated during this pandemic. There was a rule from the central government that people were prohibited from mudik, but allowed to pulang kampung. In fact, in KBBI, both have the same meaning.
The second is the use of the term isolasi 'isolation' and karantina 'quarantine'. Isolasi and karantina have the same meaning when viewed in the KBBI. Isolasi is the act of separating patients with infectious diseases from other people. Karantina is an effort to separate and limit the movement and interaction of healthy people exposed to infectious diseases to monitor and know the further development of their condition, carried out to prevent the spread of the disease. Both have the same meaning, which is an effort to separate healthy people from people exposed to the disease. However, from the point of view of collocation, isolasi and karantina have different references. Isolasi refers more to humans, while karantina refers to their territory. Therefore, there are isolasi mandiri term and no isolasi wilayah 'area isolation', and there are karantina wilayah 'regional quarantine ' and no karantina mandiri 'self quarantine'. An example of the use of the word isolasi in Indonesian is as follows."Para pemudik harus melakukan isolasi mandiri saat tiba di kampung halaman." 'The travellers isolate when they arrive at their hometowns.' An example of the use of the word quarantine is as follows."Beberapa kampung yang warganya kedapatan terjangkit virus korona melakukan karantina wilayah." 'Several villages whose residents were found to be infected with the corona virus coronavirus regional quarantines.'

Factors Causing the Emergence of New Vocabulary
Several factors behind it cause the emergence of the new vocabulary. These factors give diversity to the Indonesian language during the pandemic, namely:

The Occurrence of an Extraordinary Event
A neologism cannot be formed if there is no background event. As in this study, neologisms emerged because of an incident in the form of the Covid-19 pandemic worldwide. The community must be able to adapt to this incident, including adapting to the Indonesian language used in their daily lives because new terms appear related to Covid-19.

Foreign Language Influence
The terms that emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic were influenced by foreign languages, namely English, such as work from home, social distancing, herd immunity, swab test, etc. Based on the data in this study, no purely Indonesian terms were found because this virus came from abroad, so the words that appear are words from foreign languages.

Community Creativity
During this pandemic, neologisms emerged because of the creativity of the people, which was expressed in various forms of new vocabulary in puns, memes, slogans, literary works, directive speech, expressive speech, etc. Through the creativity created, there are written or implied messages through satire to be understood by the wider community. The message was delivered by medical personnel, government officials, artists, journalists, and others to help reduce the transmission of the Coronavirus.

CONCLUSION
The pandemic period has triggered the development of the use of new vocabulary that contains new concepts or new meanings; new vocabulary can be in the form of discovery lexical grain new or is lexical innovation.
This research showed that the form of productivity of the new Indonesian vocabulary during the Covid-19 pandemic was in the various forms of neologisms that often appeared in the public domain and were used by the public during the Covid-19 pandemic. These forms consist of loan/loanwords, basic words, affixed words, compound words, phrases, abbreviations, and acronyms. Some examples can be mentioned here, such as droplet, suspect,antiseptic,terindikasi,bermasker,terinfeksi,Coronavirus,lockdown,super speeder,WFH,WFO,ODP,PDP,PSBB,PPKM,isoman,social distancing,hand sanitiser,rapid test,swab test,etc. Based on the category, the new vocabulary is nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals. The use of the new vocabulary is there contains new and old concepts/meanings.
The factors causing the emergence of new Indonesian vocabulary during the Covid-19 pandemic are extraordinary phenomena that the community has never experienced related to the Covid-19 outbreak, the influence of foreign languages, and people's creativity.