Ethnobotanical Study Of Fig Tree (Ficus Carica L.) And Olive (Olea Europaea L.) From Tetouan Province In Morocco And Study Their Antimicrobial Activity

: This study we have conducted an ethnobotanical survey and antimicrobial activity in Tetouan province to identify the use of the famous plant species in traditional medicine : fig tree and Olive and follow-up of antimicrobial activity during three stages for green, pink and black olives and mixing activity of olive and fig extracts. 80 questionnaire sheets were done during April-June 2019, and the method of diffusion was used for the antimicrobial activity.Bacteria and yeasts were used: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, E.coli and Candida albicans. The results revealed that 32% of farmers use olive oil for the initial treatment of respiratory diseases, and 22% use it for digestive system problems and 13% use it as a treatment of the nervous system.However, fig tree is used against insect bites, as an inhibitor of the growth of certain cancerous tumors, diabetes and certain viral infections. The ethanol extracts showed good inhibitory effects against most strains of bacteria and yeast. Also for the majority of strains tested, it was found that in December (black olive), activity is stronger, and that the mixture of ethanol extracts with ethanol extracts of fig tree it strengthened them.


INTRODUCTION
Olive oil is rich with polyphenols that have antioxidant properties (8) to reduce free radicals (9), especially the action of oleuropein (10). The content of phenolic compounds in olive leaves reaches up to 250 mg/g MS (11). As well as these products are characterized by their antimicrobial activity (12). In a synthesis paper (13), some of the research studies on figs and olives were found to be effective when combined. it was found in a study (14) that figs and olives are a source of polyphenoids, which increases their antioxidant activity and promotes the formation of proteasomes, leading to protection against cancer fig and olive extract tripled the shelf life of milk (15) and it was found that consumption of olives and figs in a ratio of 1:7, as indicated in the Holy Qur'an, contributed to the body's production of Metallothionein, which stops production at 60 years of age and plays an active role in the elimination of heavy metals from the body (16) and protects against Alzheimer's disease (17) The objective of this work is to study the traditional use of fig and olive trees in the region of Tangier-Tetouan by questionnaire sheets, and study the antimicrobial activity of these plants. Each questionnaire sheet has two components: The first related to age, sex, education (illiterate, primary, at most), the origin of the information, the season and the source (Local or imported). The second related to the parts used in the plant, the type of disease treated by each part of the plant and the method of preparation.

Distribution of study sites
Survey sets were conducted in the following communities( Figure1): Beni Hassan and Khmis Anjra province of Tetouan, Beni Ahmed and Talambout province of Chefchaouen, , Malousa and Aine dalya province of Tangier and province of Taounat

The value of an ethnobotanical survey depends on the source of information. For example, information from professional informants is the most reliable.
Information on endemic medicinal plants of the sites visited can also be collected.

Data analysis
The data collected on survey data sheets has been transferred to a database and analyzed by Excel 2010 software that allows a set of useful operations to be performed.

Plants collection
Olive and fig leaves were collected in October-December 2019 from province Tetouan . The leaves were dried at mesophyll temperature for 15 days , after it were turn into powder and stored correctly until extraction

Aqueous extract
Using the Soxhlet method, 100 g of powder from olive or fig leaves were extracted for 24 hours in 500 ml of distilled water. Then, a rotary evaporator is used to dehydrate the water[18].

The strains tested
Bacteria and yeasts that were isolated from different disease infections were used: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) ATCC, Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), E.coli (EC) and Candida albicans (CA).

Method of diffusion
Antibacterial activity was carried out using Mueller-Hinton's (MH) method of diffusion. The MH medium is evenly seeded using a sterile swab by a saline suspension (NaCl 0.9%), previously adjusted using the 0.5 Mac Farland standard to a turbidity of about 106 bacteria/ml. After 24 hours of incubation at 37oC for bacteria and at 30oC/48h for yeast, the diameter of the inhibition zones was measured. The manipulations were repeated 3 times.

A follow-up of antimicrobial activity
A follow-up of antimicrobial activity in three stages: premature stage « green olives», para-ripened stage « pink olives » and ripening stage ( black olives) and the activity of mixing extracts of olives and figs Survey results: olive and fig trees showed that men represent 58% and 60% respectively comparing with women 42% and 40% respectively due to men often work in the fields. For age the category 40 and over was dominated with a rate of 64% and 67% respectively due to the last reason too (Table 1). People who have primary education were the most investigated in this study with 56% and 67% respectively Only 30% of farmers grow olive trees because it takes some years before starting production, 88% of people prepared olives in their homes in different ways, and 62% use machines for the extraction therefore, the traditional system does not exceed 38%, due to the benefits of technology system such as the performance and processing capacity. 52% do not use olive snack, 28% sell it to traditional ovens and 20% use it for livestock feed. Most farmers use olive oil for initial treatment in many diseases. 50% of which 32% use it for respiratory diseases, lubricating the chest and neck in case of cough. And those who use it for digestive system account for 22%, able to soften the stomach and get rid of constipation. People who use it as a treatment of nervous system, reaching 13%, as well as 33% use it as a treatment of certain abnormalities of organ function such as insertion of a small amount of olive oil in the ear in case pain, or when an insect is penetrating( Table 2).

sometimes 28%
The survey showed that 42% of farmers use olive leaves to treat certain diseases, such as diabetes when cooking olive leaves in water and drinking the product after filtering. In addition 30% use it for livestock feed. oleuropein was extracted from the leaves o. europaea has pharmacological properties including spasmolytic, immunostimulant, cardioprotective, hypotensive, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects Worldwide, traditional medicine uses of Ficus carica have been described for more than 40 types of diseases. And different metabolites were isolated, and its extracts showed pharmacological activities (26). Also is Useful for the treatment of various disorders such as ulcers in the oral cavity, vomiting, burns, gynecological problems (27) In experimental work on rats Constipation decreased after fig use, and that the number of feces,

Origin of informati on
Traditional medicine

Study of antimicrobial activity
The results of antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of O. europaea leaves and Ficus carica leaves are presented in Table 4. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of olive leaves from Tetouan region was the most active; it was active against all bacteria tested by maximum inhibitory zone against P. aeruginosa (25 mm) and (23mm) respectively while It was also active against sa (1 and 3) and P. aeruginosa (1) (16 minimum inhibitory zone was against E. coli (8) (11 mm). mm and 14 mm respectively).