How to ensure environmental security and functioning of unique environmental assets via examples of the Russian Federation and Rostov Region

. Since ancient times, humans have been the most powerful transformers of the natural environment of all living creatures. Since prehistoric times, human activity has changed the boundaries of natural areas and their entire complexes, fundamentally changing the appearance of natural ecosystems and landscapes. But the changes in nature have never been as fast as in the industrial era of the human civilization. Today, the natural environment is changing so rapidly under human impact that a large proportion of species and ecosystems do not have time to adapt to these changes in any way and, as a result, find themselves under threat of extinction. It is the fear of permanently losing natural ecosystems and landscapes that has led to the emergence of specially protected areas, where any economic activities that threaten the nature are banned or restricted. Anthropogenic impacts and human activities have had a negative impact on the environment not only in RF subjects, but also in Rostov region. The principles of environmental safety and functioning of specially protected natural areas are based on basic provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation as well as on the norms of environmental law. The situation in Rostov region forces us to pay close attention to the problem of conservation and restoration of biodiversity and wildlife resources. At the moment, the development of environmentally sensitive areas on the Don is one of the most effective ways of conserving and restoring the nature world of the Rostov region.


Introduction
Any and all possible forms of territorial environmental protection are one of the basic tools for conserving the Earth's biodiversity.
Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) are areas of land, water surface and airspace above them, where objects of special significance and having special protection regime are located.
The most important task of establishing ESAs is to preserve unique natur objects.
The main role in water pollution is believed to be played by industrial enterprises, which discharge waste into the waters.Agriculture, where fertilizers and insecticides are used for crop production and livestock farming is massively developed, is no less involved in the pollution of water bodies [1,2].Also discharges of municipal water are of some importance in shaping the qualitative and quantitative composition of surface waters.

Materials and methods
In total, the eco-sensitive areas network in the Russian Federation amounted to over 240 million hectares by 2020.The location of eco-sensitive natural areas is illustrated in Figure 1.
Some environmentally sensitive natural areas are classified as World Natural Heritage sites.The states on whose territory such sites are located are obliged to conserve them.The criteria to be considered when establishing Environmentally Sensitive Areas are shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Criteria for establishing ESAs
For sustainable economic provision of the system of environmentally sensitive territories, it is necessary to develop and implement objective criteria for calculating the real financial needs of nature reserves, national parks and federal nature sanctuaries, taking into account their nature conservation potential and geographical and social characteristics [3].

Results
The categories of protected areas shown in Figure 3 are differentiated according to their objectives, regime and status. Figure 4 illustrates the features of state nature reserves.The largest state nature reserves in Russia are as follows: Bolshoi Arktichesky, Komandorsky, Wrangel Island, Putoransky, Taimyrsky, Ust-Lensky nature reserves, etc.
2) National parks are intended for use for nature conservation, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
The national parks are divided into the functional areas listed in Figure 5.
The largest national parks in Russia are Yugyd Va, Kytalyk, Beringia, Russian Arctic, Lena Pillars, etc.The largest ones: Bureisky, Bolshoi Tkhach, Rovensky, Teriberka, Vishtynetsky, Gagarinsky, etc. 4) State nature sanctuaries.Figure 7 shows a list of profiles for this category of ESAs.In terms of the degree of impairment, they are subdivided into the following: In addition to examining the natural environment, information is collected on the economy of the area and its development prospects, as well as other materials needed to scientifically substantiate areas of rational use [4][5][6][7][8][9].

Discussion
The Rostov region is situated in the southern part of the East European Plain, a bit overlapping with the North Caucasus.The region occupies 100.8 thousand km², which is 0.6% of Russia's territory; it extends 470 km from north to south and 455 km from west to east.
The network of Eco-Sensitive Natural Areas in the Don is quite extensive and varied.The location of protected areas in the Rostov region is shown in Figure 10.By the end of 2020, the total area of environmentally sensitive areas in the Rostov Region is 233,571.3ha, from which 54,690.5 ha are federal, 71,866.2ha are regional, and 107,014.6 ha are local.
A total of 98983.2thousand robles has been allocated for their maintenance.
For the characteristics of the largest protected areas in Rostov region see Table 1.The legal and regulatory framework for the Rostov region is composed of the following rules and regulations as shown in the figure.Depending on the nature of the violation, violators of the legislation on specially protected natural territories may bear disciplinary, material, civil, administrative and criminal liability.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Location of Environmentally Sensitive Natural Areas in Russia

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Categories of ESA 1) State nature reserves.They may set aside areas where human interference with natural processes is prohibited, but there are also certain areas where activities are foreseen to ensure the operation of the nature reserve and the livelihood of the local population.Figure4illustrates the features of state nature reserves.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Features of state nature reserves protection conditions

Fig. 5 .
Fig. 5. Functional zones of national parks3) Natural parks are entrusted with the conservation of nature in the area, natural landscapes, creation of recreational areas, development of new methods of protection and rational use of natural resources, maintenance of ecological equilibrium.Figure6illustrates the features of natural parks protection conditions.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Features of natural parks protection conditions

E3SFig. 7 .
Fig. 7. List of state nature sanctuary profiles 5) Natural monuments are ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically unique natural complexes and natural or man-made objects.

Fig. 8 .
Fig. 8. Classification of natural monumentsThese include: 6) Dendrology parks and botanical gardens.Their tasks include the creation of special collections of plants in order to preserve the diversity and enrich the plant world.In terms of the degree of impairment, they are subdivided into the following:

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Nature reserve fund of the Rostov region

Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.Legal and regulatory framework in the Rostov region The following Eco-Sensitive Natural Areas are located in the Rostov region:  "Rostovsky" state biosphere reserve;  "Tsymlyansky" state nature sanctuary;  "Gornensky" state nature sanctuary;  "Levoberezhny" state nature sanctuary;  "Donskoy" nature park;  41 protected landscape;  20 protected nature sites;  15 environmentally sensitive areas of local significance.

Table 1 .
Characteristics of ESAs in the Rostov region by categories There are 32 species of mushrooms and plants and 52 animal species listed in the Red List of Rostov region, of which 35 species are included in the Red List of the Russian Federation.