Exit transit control at objects of traffic attraction as a mobility service

. The modern development of transport and road engineering is aimed at the design of transport systems. The sustainable development of territories cannot be imagined without the appropriate transport information content, which includes the services of intelligent transport systems. Management of transport demand and mobility based on a service approach is the future of transport systems, affecting the quality of society development. A conscious perspective of intelligent transport systems (ITS) projects is the development of mobility services. One of them is providing road users with information that encourages them to take a certain action, resulting in a spatial or temporal redirection of traffic flows. A specialized ITS subsystem that controls traffic near objects of traffic attraction by informing about the place of comfortable waiting for the exit and the time of comfortable departure from this object is understood as a system of motivational control of exit transit. The system under consideration is formed in order to prevent a decrease in the capacity of the road in the area of operation of this object and is not intended to reduce the total intensity of the traffic flow at the exit from the object. It provides only a temporary redistribution of exit flows of road users from the object of traffic attraction and the coordination of the moments of these exits in accordance with the current (and predicted) load level of the main highway. Delays of vehicles and the value of unsatisfied demand are taken as performance indicators.


Introduction
The digitalization of public life forms a new social demand for the transport industry, which implies high-quality infrastructural and regulatory changes that allow travel time to be unconditionally useful.Satisfying the demand for mobility necessitates the elimination of vehicle delays not only on the road network, but also in the exit zones of road users -users of objects of traffic attraction (OTA).Since the stay of the required intensity of these users should occur with a minimum load on the adjacent city highways.One of the modern methods of organizing traffic is the management of exit transit.This method is implemented using a system of motivational informing of users of the object of traffic attraction.Exit control is carried out on the basis of the provision of up-to-date information using modern dynamic scoreboards.
The beginning of research on traffic flow control methods at highway exits falls on the 60s of the twentieth century, and after the 2000s, their active development has been observed in the USA, China, the Netherlands, Greece, France, and Italy.The scientific contribution to the development of these methods was made by Papageorgiou, M., Papamichail, I., Sacone, S., Siri, S., De Schutter, B., Liang, X., Horowitz, R., Hou, Z., Knoop, V.L.According to the Scopus database, solutions for managing traffic flows at highway exits, related to the engineering branch of knowledge, amounted to more than 46%, to informatics -more than 22% [1-5, 7-13, 15-18, 20-22].

Materials and Methods
OTA exit transit control is user-oriented, uses intelligent transport systems and Internet of things applications, in which all transport service operators, service providers, transport infrastructure owners work on a single platform where real-time traffic information is provided.This is ensured by the coordinated functioning of the following ITS subsystems: -subsystem for monitoring traffic flow parameters; -subsystem for managing municipal parking lots and monitoring parking lots; -complex transport information subsystem.At the first stage, the local positioning module determines the fact of the arrival of the OTA road user and sends a corresponding notification to the control module.Then, the user submits an exit request to the system.This request is modified by the local positioning module and sent to the mobile marketing operator using the control module.Based on the coordinated functioning of the ITS subsystems, the user is informed of the time of convenient exit and the place of convenient waiting.Notification can be provided by SMS-informing or using a help desk or POS-terminal.

Theory/calculation
Motivational informing of visitors (MIV) of a large OTA is recommended to be provided if any of the following conditions for the functioning of the considered OTA is fulfilled: -calculated value of the maximum exit intensity from the OTA -   is greater than the practical capacity of one lane of the main road: ≥ 2000 /ℎ.-the coefficient of the ratio of the calculated value of the maximum exit intensity from the OTA -   to the maximum actual traffic intensity of the main highway    is more than 1/3: 33 Motivational control is expedient to apply in conditions of changing the current level of service of the main highway.These conditions are marked in the table with color (Table 1).It is possible to assess the degree of application of the MIV system for objects of traffic attraction by modeling the functioning of the street network using the example of big shopping malls.
In our work, we examined 13 shopping centers adjacent to the main highways of the city of Rostov-on-Don.The scheme of their location is shown in Figure 2.  The analysis of the attendance of objects of traffic attraction made it possible to draw the following main conclusions: -it is necessary to highlight the peaks of attendance at certain hours of the day; peak attendance on weekdays and weekends differ in time.
-the traffic volumes of the objects under consideration on working days are about 50-70% during peak hours, on weekends -85-100%.
The next stage of our research was the use of information on the significance of the load levels of sections of the road network obtained in the ArcGis program.We received a table of values for the load level of these sections near the traffic attraction objects in the city of Rostov-on-Don, checked these values for compliance with regulatory documents.With the help of modeling, the influence of the operation of objects of attraction during the peak hours of their visit on the functioning of adjacent sections of the road network was assessed.The results of traffic simlation in the AIMSUN program showed that the functioning of the section of the road network adjacent to the object of traffic attraction is determined both by its volume of visits and the load level of the section of the network under consideration.Analysis of the simulation results is presented in Table 3.To study the possibility of introducing a system of motivational entry to the highway, models of the functioning of the territory of the considered objects of traffic attraction were constructed.The process of obtaining results for assessing the effectiveness of the system was as follows: triggers were created in the models, which start and stop the functioning of the system upon reaching the conditions indicated at the beginning of this section of the article.It should be noted that there are no special tools for modeling the motivational entry to the highway.In this regard, the tools and strategies of the Aimsun program were adapted [6,14,18,19,[23][24][25].
It was decided to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of the system not only by vehicle delays, but also by changes in unsatisfied transport demand in the network under consideration.Unsatisfied transport demand is understood as the volume of vehicles that declared their movement in the traffic model, but did not make it.An example of the presentation of the results is shown in Table 3.

Results/discussion
Comparison of the obtained results made it possible to single out the following degrees of application of the MIV system: -High efficiency -in the conditions of transient processes associated with the current level of service of the main highway, there is a decrease in vehicle delays by more than 60% with a simultaneous decrease in the level of unsatisfied demand; -Moderate efficiency -in the conditions of transient processes associated with the current level of service of the main highway, there is a decrease in vehicle delays by 30-60% with a simultaneous decrease in the level of unsatisfied demand; -Positive efficiency -the reduction of vehicle delays occurs without meeting transport demand; -Marketing effectiveness -with free traffic on the main highway, there is a slight decrease in vehicle delays.
In accordance with the above classification, the ranking of the considered shopping centers is presented.

Conclusions
In order to prevent a decrease in the capacity of highways in areas of intensive exit of vehicles of users of objects of traffic attraction (OTA), it becomes necessary to introduce a motivational exit to the main road network from OTA.
It is expedient to use motivational control in conditions of deterioration in the level of service of the main highway from LOS C to LOS D, and vice versa, from LOS D to LOS C.
The functioning of the MIV subsystem does not reduce traffic volumes at the exit from the OTA, but only provides a temporary redistribution of exit transit of OTA visitors and coordination of the moments of these exits based on the values with the current (and predicted) load level of the main highway.
It is possible to assess the degree of application of the system of MIV-visitors of big shopping malls, as examples of OTA, using traffic simulation.
It is necessary to allocate the peaks of attendance of the OTA at certain hours of the day; peak attendance on weekdays and weekends differ in time.
The attendance volume of the shopping and entertainment center on weekdays is about 50-70% during peak hours, on weekends -85-100%.
Ranking of the considered OTAs according to the degree of effectiveness of the implementation of the MIV system showed the following: -Shopping center "Taler", shopping center "Voskhod".Here, the system of motivational entry to the highway shows a high effect, i.e., in the conditions of transient processes associated with the current level of service of the main highway, there is a decrease in vehicle delays by more than 60% with a simultaneous decrease in the level of unsatisfied demand.-Shopping center "Avers", shopping center "Zapadnyy".Here, the system of motivational entry to the highway shows a moderate effect, i.e., in the conditions of transient processes associated with the current level of service of the main highway, there is a decrease in vehicle delays by 30-60% with a simultaneous decrease in the level of unsatisfied demand.-Shopping center "Orbita", shopping center "Zolotoy Vavilon", shopping center "Metro Zapadnyy", shopping center "Astor", shopping center "Gorizont", shopping center "Vavilon".Here, the system of motivational entry to the highway shows a positive effect, the reduction of vehicle delays occurs without meeting transport demand.-Shopping center "Metro Aleksandrovka", shopping center "RIO", shopping center "Magnit".Here, the system of motivational entry to the highway causes a slight decrease in vehicle delays in conditions of free movement on the main highway and can be recommended for marketing purposes as a service.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Subsystem of motivational informing of users in ITS architecture.

Fig. 2 .
Fig.2.Scheme of the location of the considered objects of traffic attraction.Modern information resources allow us to get shopping center attendance diagrams, as shown in figure3.Ninety eight (98) attendance diagrams were obtained for all studied objects of traffic attraction.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.An example of attendance diagrams for traffic attraction objects.

Table 1 .
Operating conditions of the MIV subsystem.
3 D…F Off It is not possible to control the exit using the MIP.Oversaturated flow.4 D → C On MIV subsystem is functioning 5 С…А Off Exit control is not required.Free flow.

Table 2 .
Values of the volume/capacity rate of the road network near the traffic attraction objects in the city of Rostov-on-Don.

. Name of the object of traffic attraction v/c Level of service of adjacent sections of the road network
E3S Web of Conferences 371, 03072 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337103072AFE-2022

Table 3 .
Values of volume/capacity rate of the road network near the objects of traffic attraction (during peak hours of their attendance) in Rostov-on-Don.

Table 4 .
Classification of OTAs according to the degree of impact on the functioning of the adjacent road network.